Name Of Presentation

by Mr X
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PHONOLOGICAL RULES
An assimilation rule assimilates one segment to another by copying or spreading a feature of a sequential phoneme on to its neighbouring segment, thus making the two phonemes more similar There is a tendency when we speak to increase the ease of articulation, that is, to make it easier to move the articulators.
[Fromklin and Powerpoint Templates Rodman, 1993: 224]
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ASSIMILATION RULES
1. Nasalize a pure vowel/diphthong when it precedes a nasal consonant within the same syllable. sinner ["sI~n@], singeq ["sI~N@], bamboo ["b{~mbu:], ban [b{~n], bang [b{~N]
Since the nasal passage is opened by lowering the velum and the oral cavity is not obstructed at any place during the production of any vowel, nasalized vowels are produced with the air passing through the nose (as for nasals) as Page 3 Powerpoint Templates

ASSIMILATION RULES
2. Devoice nasal stops, liquids and glides after initial voiceless consonants snow [sn @U], smart [sm A:t], slow [sl@U], probe [phr @Ub0], pure [phjU@], twin [thw I~n].

The nasal stops, liquids and glides in this case are produced with no or almost no vibration of the vocal cords in the larynx.
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ASSIMILATION RULES
3. Devoice Cf (the final consonant of the preceding word) if it is voiced and is followed by a voiceless Ci (the initial consonant of the following word). expensive coat [Ik"spensIv "kh@U<t ], bad choice ["b {d tSOI<s]
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ASSIMILATION RULES
4. Devoice final and initial voiced oral stops, fricatives and affricates bar [b A:], ebb [eb ] (but elbow ["e5b@U]

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ASSIMILATION RULES
5. Shorten a vowel or a voiced continuant consonant before a final voiceless consonant (or consonant clusters). lip [lI<p], breath [bqe<T], melt [mel<t], sent [sZeVnt], bank [bZ`V7k].

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ASSIMILATION RULES
6. Apply homorganic rule [I~n] before vowels and alveolars (inexcusable, inattentive, intolerate) [I~m] before bilabials (immature, impossible) [I~N] before velars (incomplete) [I5] before laterals (illegal) [Iq] before the retroflex /r/ (irrational)
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DELETION RULES
7. Optionally delete unstressed vowels in rapid and casual speech Mystery, general, funeral, memory, vigorous, Barbara 8. Delete /g/ when it occurs before the final nasal stop /m/ or /n/ Sign vs. signature Paradigm vs. paradigmatic Powerpoint Templates

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DELETION RULES
9. Delete a word-final /b/ when it occurs after /m/ Comb, bomb, tomb, climb, thumb 10. Delete the middle consonant in a complex consonant cluster, especially when it is a plosive Scripts, left leg, blind man
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OTHER RULES
11. Aspirate voiceless oral stops when they occur: WORD-INITIALLY: possible, perhaps, clever WORD-INTERNALLY introducing a stressed syllable: appear, cartoon, declare 12. Reduce unstressed vowels, except those occuring word-finally, to the schwa college, tulip, purpose, escape, disease, Powerpoint Templates support Page 11

OTHER RULES
13. Optional neutralize /t/ and /d/, changing these alveolar oral stops to a voiced flap /D/ when they are preceded by a stressed vowel and are followed by ann unstressed vowel. Writer, rider, letter

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PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION

Phonemic transcription is a method of transcribing words according to which every speech sound must be identified as one of the phonemes and written with the appropriate symbol. Phonemic symbols are enclosed within slant brackets / /: /b{d/

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Phonetic transcription is another method of transcribing words that

contains a lot of information about the exact quality of the sounds and thus is much more accurate in phonetic detail than phonemic transcription. A lot of diacritics marks that modify phonemic symbols in some way - are often used in this transcription. Phonetic symbols symbols used to represent precise phonetic values are enclosed in square brackets [ ]: [b {d ]
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