Ohm's Law (2.1); Kirchhoff's Laws (2.

2)
Dr. Holbert January 23, 2006

ECE201 Lect-2

Resistors
A resistor is a circuit element that dissipates electrical energy (usually as heat) Real-world devices that are modeled by resistors: incandescent light bulbs, heating elements (stoves, heaters, etc.), long wires Resistance is measured in Ohms (W)

ECE201 Lect-2

Ohms Law
v(t) = i(t) R - or p(t) = i2(t) R = v2(t)/R
i(t) The Rest of the Circuit + R
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V=IR [+ (absorbing)]

v( t )

Example: a 25W Bulb

If the voltage across a 25W bulb is 120V, what is its resistance? R = V2/P = (120V)2/25W = 576 W What is the current flowing through the 25W bulb? I = V/R = 120V/576 W = 0.208 A

ECE201 Lect-2

Thought Question
When I measured the resistance of a 25W bulb, I got a value of about 40W. Whats wrong here? Answer: The resistance of a wire increases as the temperature increases. For tungsten, the temperature coefficient of resistivity is 4.5x10-3/oK. A light bulb operates at about 5000oF.
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Open Circuit
What if R=?
i(t)=0 The Rest of the Circuit + v( t )

i(t) = v(t)/R = 0

ECE201 Lect-2

Short Circuit
What if R=0?
i (t) The Rest of the Circuit + v(t)=0

v(t) = R i(t) = 0

ECE201 Lect-2

Class Example
Learning Extension E2.1(a) Learning Extension E2.2(a)

ECE201 Lect-2

Kirchhoffs Laws
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) sum of all currents entering a node is zero sum of currents entering node is equal to sum of currents leaving node Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL) sum of voltages around any loop in a circuit is zero
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KCL (Kirchhoffs Current Law)

i1(t) i2(t) i3(t) i5(t) i4(t)

The sum of currents entering the node is zero:

i (t ) 0
j 1 j

Analogy: mass flow at pipe junction

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Class Examples
Learning Extension E2.3(b) Learning Extension E2.4 Learning Extension E2.5(a)

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KVL (Kirchhoffs Voltage Law)

+
v1 ( t ) +

v2 ( t )

+
v3 ( t )

The sum of voltages around a loop is zero:

v
j 1

(t ) 0

Analogy: pressure drop thru pipe loop

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KVL Polarity
A loop is any closed path through a circuit in which no node is encountered more than once Voltage Polarity Convention
A voltage encountered + to - is positive A voltage encountered - to + is negative

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Class Examples
Learning Extension E2.6
Use two different directions

Learning Extension E2.7

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Electrical Analogies (Physical)

Electrical Junction/Node KCL: I = 0 Law Loop Law KVL: V = 0 Hydraulic G=0 p = 0

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