Gustatory Sensation

Gustatory Sensation

Tongue
covered

- the sense organ for taste, it is with taste buds

Taste buds - the receptors for taste; located at

are distributed on its surface and sides of the tongue

to a lesser extent on the surface of the pharynx and larynx

Gustatory Sensation
Taste buds - in human tongue it contains 10,000 taste buds shaped like a flask and each one has an opening called papillae each bud contains taste receptors. - these receptors respond to 4 basic taste sense: sweet, salty, sour and bitter.

Gustatory Sensation
- taste buds found on the tip of the tongue is sensitive to sweet taste - the tip and side of the tongue is for salty - the sides of tongue is for sour - base of the tongue and soft palate is to bitter

taste

Gustatory Sensation

taste bud cells die (bec. of increasing age, hot soup, hot cofffee, hot pepper, etc.) but generate small amount of new cells every 10-12 days.

How do we taste?
Food brought into the mouth must be first liquified or dissolved.
The liquified substances enter the taste bud which contains the taste cells. As it enters the pores of the taste bud, it sets off chemical changes that stimulate the taste cells to set off neural impulses.

These neural impulses are transmitted to the brain by the gustatory nerve.

Gustatory Sensation
Sentivity to taste depends upon several factors.

increasing age ( due to death of taste buds).

injury to a certain part of the tongue which is sensitive to a certain taste. burning of the taste buds caused by hot liquid. persons under the influence of drugs and alcohol.

Cutaneous (Somatic)Sensation

Cutaneos (Somatic) Sensation

Skin - the sense organ for contaneous, somatic, skin or tactile sensation. the largest receptor of any sensory system has three layers - epidermis (outer layer) - dermis (middle or intermediate layer) - subcutaneous adipose tissue (deep innermost layer)

Cutaneous (Somatic) Sensation

has four sensations: touch (pressure), cold, warm, and pain. warm and cold are thermal experiences while pressure and pain are factual experiences. the receptor for touch (pressure) are Meissner's Corpuscle, Merkel's Corpuscle, and Pacinian Corpuscle. (one experience pressure when one is touched lightly).

Cutaneous (Somatic) Sensation

- sensitive areas of the skin are those in the lips,
fingers, tip of fingers, and hands. - less sensitive to pressure are those in the arms, body trunk, legs, and back part of the body. the receptor for warm is the Ruffini Corpuscle and the receptor for cold is the Krause end bulb.

Cutaneous (Somatic) Sensation

there are more cold sensitive spots than the warm ones. If the skin temperature is 32 C, no sensation is felt, neither hot or cold, this is called physiologic zero. The baseline temp. ranges from 28C at the earlobe to about 37C on the forearm. ( Dizon and other 2003)

Cutaneous (Somatic) Sensation

other factors are:
- extreme stimulation - bright light

Pain is caused by destruction of nerve tissues

- loud noise
- great pressure - high and low temp. & others

the receptor for pain is the free-nerve endings

Cutaneous (Somatic) Sensation

according to Arenas (2004) pain sensations are classified according to: (1) quick sharp pain and dull-lasting pain (2) direct pain and referred pain.

Proprioception
There are 3 group of proprioceptive senses the stimuli of which do not come from external environment but from the body: - kinesthetic sense (posture and movement) - vestibular sense (balance) - organic sense

Kinesthetic Sense
it is a sense of bodily movement and position

of the parts of the body with respect to each

other.

The receptors are found in the nerve

endings of the muscles, tendons, and joint.

The coordinator of body and movement.

Vestibular and Rotational Sense

Vestibular sense - also referred to as static sense, sense of equilibrium or sense of balance.

- The hair cells in the vestibular system determines the position, direction and movement of the head.

Vestibular and Rotational Sense

Rotational sense - the semicircular canals are sense organs for rotations. - A movement of the head results in the movement of the fluid in the semicircular canals and causing the nerve ending of the receptor hair cells to bend. - The bending of the hair cell stimulates the nerve impulses and sends signals to the brain through the auditory nerve.

Organic Sense

when the visceral organs are stimulated as as a result of their activities, the nerve impulses of these organs are sent to the brain arousing

sensation.
These sensations may be in the form of cramp, nausea, thirst, hunger, bladder tension, or painful sensation.

Perception
process of interpretation is known as perception thus perception is preceded by sensation perception is subjective, that is interpretation of things and event depend upon several factors. individual behavoir is affected by his perception.

our perception is also selective

Perception is Influenced by Several Factors

Two general factors that influence perception are: - external factors (stimulus): intesity of the stimulus, repetition of the stimulus, contrast, movement, and change in the stimulus - internal factors (perceiver): the motives of the perceiver, training, experience, interest and attitude and attention

External Factors (stimulus)

Intensity of the stimulus. The more the object or sensation is, the more it is attended to and perceived. Excessive intensity may be districting and unpleasant.

Repetition of the stimulus. When a stimulus is repeated more often most likely attended, very much perceived but if a repetition w/o variation becomes monotonous and dull w/c results to boredom and not being attended anymore.

External Factors (stimulus)

Contrast in the stimulus. A differences in color, shape and size from those that are ordinarily found in the environment may likely be attended to or very much perceived.

Internal Factor (perceiver)

Movement of the stimulus. - a moving object can get more attraction than a non-moving object. Change in stimulus.

- our attention is more focused to an object that constantly changing in form, size, color, or shape as a result of lightning effect or movement characterized of these objects.

Internal Factor (perceiver)

Motivition.

- the perceiver is highly selective due to his motives.

Training of the perceiver.

- a perceiver w/ a high degree of educational background and training would perceive an object differently from who has a lesser degree or training or one that has none.

Internal Factor (perceiver)

Experience of the perceiver. - a peceiver who has a wider experience of an object and event would have a clearer and better perception than the one who has a lesser experience.

Mental Set.
- when a person's mind is focused or directed to an object or event, that person is able to understand and perceive clearly what was being perceirved.

Internal Factor (perceiver)

Interest and Attitude. - when a person repeats or continuously perform a thing, he is interested. Attitude is our view or understanding to an object, event or situation in relation to what we feel about it.