Ulysses B.

Paguio BSEE 79/ BSECE 80 MIT 1st EDITION

1. Definition of Electrical Terms and Units

1.2 VOLTAGE is the electrical pressure that causes the

positively charged atoms to move through a conductor material. This is also referred to as electromotive force.
1.3 VOLT unit of voltage named after Alessandro Volta. 1.4 AMPERE unit of electric current named after Andre

Ampere.

 1.5 WATT unit of electrical power energy named after

James Watt.
1.6 RESISTANCE is the opposition to the flow of

current.
1.7 OHMS unit of resistance named after Gerry Ohms. 1.8 CONDUCTANCE allows the flow of current.

 1.9 MHO unit of conductance. 2.0 CONDUCTOR material that allows the flow of

electric current.
2.1 INSULATOR material that resists the flow of

electric current.
2.2 CURRENT rate of flow of electric force in the

conductor.

 2.3 VA volt-ampere, unit of apparent power. 2.4 PROTONS positively charged atoms. 2.5 ELECTONS negatively charged atoms. 2.6 DIRECT CURRENT flow of electricity in one direction.

Sources are dry cell or storage battery.

2.7 ALTERNATING CURRENT flow of electricity that

changes in strength. Its strength according to active wave which is sinusoidal in nature =. It reverses its direction on each alternation.

 2.8 OHMS LAW the higher the voltage, the larger the

current and the higher the resistance, the lower the current. I=V/R
is sold to customer.

2.9 KILOWATT-HOUR(KW-HR) unit of electric energy which

2.10 SPECIFIC RESISTANCE another term is resistivity, a

resistance offered by a unit use of the material. 1 mil.

2.11 CIRCULAR MIL (CM) area of a circle having diameter of

CM = D2 ; 1000 mil = 1 inch 1MCM = 1000 CM

 2.12 CAPACITOR also named condenser-any device that

stores electric charges so as to possess electrical charges.

2.13 CAPACITANCE is a measure of how a capacitor stores

an electrical charge.
2.14 FARAD unit of capacitance.

Q= CE
2.15 ELASTANCE reciprocal of capacitance.
2.16 DARAF unit of elastance, reciprocal farad.

 2.17 INDUCTANCE a measure of how much counter

electromotive force is generated in a circuit for a change in current through the circuit.
2.18 HENRY unit of inductance named after Joseph

Henry.

II. ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS AND LEGENDS 2.1. A - ammeter 2.2 2.3 2.4
V

- voltmeter - wattmeter - kilowatt-hour meter

kWh

 2.5
2.6

- resistor
- capacitor

2.7 inductor or choke coil

2.8

DC

- Direct Current

 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13

AC

- Alternating Current - battery cell or storage cell

- generator - relay - normally open contact (NO)

 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17

VM

- normally closed contact (NC) - varmeter - power factor meter - frequency meter - ground detector

PF

FM

GD

 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22

MSB

- main switch board - auxilliary switch board - energy switch board - motor control center - semiconductor diode

ASB

ESB

MCC

 2.23 2.24 2.25

- transistor - photoelectric cell - synchroscope

SYN

2.26
2.27

- switch
- 3 way switch

 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32

- water light type switch - flush type switch - 2 pole receptacle - 2 pole receptacle w/ grounding contact - flush type 2 pole receptacle

 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37

- Nm waterlight type bell - waterlight type bell - engine control console - boiler control panel - data logger

 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42

lighting arrester surge arrester ground (earth) ground (frame) service entrace

 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47

- safety switch circuit breaker - fuse main distribution panel S single pole switch

 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56

S2 duplex switch S2P double pole switch S3P three pole switch S3W three way switch S4W four way switch S4W four way switch SAD - automatic door switch SK key operated switch SM master selector switch

 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.60 2.61

SRM

remote control switch junction box switch pull box switch power panel board lighting panel board

 2.62 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66

- ceiling incandescent lamp - wall incandescent lamp - ceiling fan - wall clock - single convenience

 2.67 2.68 2.69 2.70 2.71

- duplex convenient outlet - waterproof convenience outlet - cooking range outlet - telephone outlet - intercom outlet

 2.72 2.73 2.74 2.75 2.76

- push button - buzzer - bell - horn

 2.78 2.79 2.80 2.81 2.82

- amplifier - annunciator - loudspeaker - heat detector - conduit wiring

 2.83 2.84 2.85 2.86 2.87

- open wiring - underground wiring E FA E - emergency wiring FA - fire alarm wiring

T T - telephone wiring

 2.89 2.90 2.91 2.92 2.93

IC IC

- intercom wiring

CCTV CCTV - closed circuit TV wiring - ac generator -dc generator - ac motor

 2.94

-dc motor

2.95

-- converter, transmitter

Electric Circuits a closed path for electric current to

flow.

Ohms Law states that the current flowing in an electric

circuit is directly proportional to impressed electromotive force applied to the circuit and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit. E= IR Where: E= impressed voltage I= drawn current in ampere R = resistance in ohms

Electric Power rate of using or consuming a substantial

amount of electrical energy. P= EI P=E2/R P=I2R Where: P=electrical power in watts V =voltage in volts I = current in ampere R = resistance in ohms other units of Electrical Power: 1 horsepower (1HP) = 746 watts 1 kilowatt (1KW) = 1000 watts 1 megawatt (1MW) = 1,000,000 watts

Kilowatt-Hour (KW-HR) a unit in w/c electrical

energy is sold to customer. KW-HR = Pt Where: P electrical energy in watts t time in hours Ohms Law states that the current flowing in an electric circuit is directly proportional to impressed electromotive force applied to the circuit and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit. E= IR Where: E= impressed voltage I= drawn current in ampere

R =L/A

where: R= resistance in ohms L= length in meter A= conductor cross sectional area in mil, CM (circular mil) = resistivity the above equation states that the resistance of a specific conductor is directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross sectional area depending on the element of its conductor whether copper, zinc.

Example Problem No. 1

What amount of current in a circuit having a resistance of 10 ohms on a 100 volts circuit.

Solution: I=E/R ; I= 100V/10 = 10 amperes

What is the voltage impressed across a resistance of 3 ohms if a 20A current is flowing to the electric circuit E= IR ; E= 20A x 3 = 60 volts

i. ii. iii.

Generator a machine that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Prime Mover a machine that drives the generator Parts of A DC Generator a. Yoke another term is frame w/c is cylindrical in form in w/c an even no. of poles are bolted, either made in cast iron or cast steel.

 b. Armature Core and Winding the core is cylindrical in form made from sheet laminations w/ slots that carry the armature windings. c. Poles and Field Windings used to generate the magnetic lines of flux. d. Commutator cylindrical in shape and consists of hard drawn copper conductor insulated from each other and is sometimes called as mechanical rectifier.

e. Brushes used to connect the external load circuit to the armature. It is made from carbon particles that are held in position by spring pressures.

iv. Exciter an external equipment used to supply voltage to the field windings of a generator. v. Separately-excited Generator field winding is excited from its own generated in the armature. vi. Empirical Formula of DC Generator E= PNZ/60a Where: E= generated emf volts P= no. of poles N= speed of prime mover in rpm Z= no. of armature conductors =flux per pole in weber a= no. of armature current paths 1 weber = 1 x 108 maxwells

viii. Short Generator the field and armature windings are connected across each other. E= V + IaRa Ia = ISH + I ISH = V/RSH I=P/V

ix. Series Generator the field and armature windings are connected in series. E = V + Ia (Ra + Rf) Ia = If + I

x. Long Shunt Compound Generator the series field winding is connected in series w/ the armature winding while the short field winding is connected across the series combination. Ia = ISH + I ISH = V/RSH I=P/V E= V + Ia (Ra + RSH)

xi. Short Shunt Compound Generator the series winding is connected in series w/ the load while the short field winding is connected across the armature winding.

Ia = I + Ish I =Ise E = V + IaRa + IseRse I=P/V Ish =V + IseRse/Rsh Where: E = generated emf volts V = terminal or load voltage in volt Ra = armature winding resistance in ohms Rsh = shunt field winding resistance in ohms Rse = series field winding resistance in ohms Ia = armature current in ampere Ish = shunt field current in ampere I = load current in ampere P = power drawn by the load in watts

xii. Power Generated (Pg) in the armature of a DC Generator P = EIg xiii. Voltage Regulation (VR) percentage use in voltage at the terminals of a generator when the load is removed. % VR = (VNL VFL X 100%)/ VFL Where: VNL = no. load terminal voltage in volts VFL = full load terminal voltage in volts

xiv. Requirements of operating DC generators in parallel: a. Same external load characteristics or behaviors are loaded b. Terminal voltage of each machine must be equal c. Terminal polarity must be the same

The basic parts of a DC generator are the same basic parts of a DC motor. Counter or back emf voltage included into the armature conductors of a DC motor when the armature rotates.

Torque characteristics of a DC motor The speed (N) of a DC motor is directly proportional to the back emf (Eb) and inversely proportional as the flux () generated per pole. The Torque (T) exerted by the DC motor is directly proportional to both the armature current drawn and the flux () generated per pole T=K1 Ia Where K0 & K1 proportionality constant

 Horsepower rating of a DC motor- maximum safest mechanical power it can

deliver to the load. Where HP= mechanical power in horsepower N= speed of the motor in Rpm T=torque exerted by the motor (N-m/J) K=proportionality constant = 44,760 if T is in newton-meter = 33,000 if T is in pound-foot Reversion of Rotation
The direction of rotation of a DC motor is reversed be any of the following methods Interchange the terminals of the armature windings Interchange the terminals of the field windings

Speed Controls The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by varying the resistance of a rheostat connected in series in any of the following: A rheostat in series with the armature windings A rheostat in series with the field windings (most common method) A rheostat in series with the supply terminals

It is an alternating current generator. The working principle is the same as that of a DC generator, however, in alternators it is the field which is made to rotate while the armature is kept stationary. Basic parts of an alternator Rotor (armature)- moving parts Stator (field poles and winding)- Stationary parts Relation between speed, poles and frequency of the generated emf where N=speed in rpm P=no. of poles f=frequency in hertz

 Purpose of the open and short circuit tests:

To evaluate the synchronous impedance and asynchronous reactance of the alternator per phase. Where Zs-synchronous impedance per phase Xs-reactance per phase

Requirements for parallel operation of

alternators;
Operating frequency must be equal. Line to line voltage must be equal. Phase sequence must be equal.

 Transformers- a static device used to transform electrical energy from

one voltage to another without a change in wave shape and frequency:

Classifications according to care used:

Core type transformer Shell type transformer

According to method of cooling the windings:

Self cooled transformer Oil self cooled transformer Force oil cooled transformer Source air cooled transformer

 According to purpose or applications

Distribution type transformer Instrument type transformer like current and voltage transformers Power transformer Welding transformer Rectifier transformer Regulating transformer Lighting transformer

According to voltage transformation

Step-up transformer (low to high) Step-down transformer (high to low)

A. Electrical Tools Classifications: Hand tools- tools operated by hands without the need of electricity to operate it. Examples: screwdrivers, electrical pliers, hacksaw, etc. Machine tools- tools operated by our hands with electricity to operate it. Examples: Soldering gun, electric pipe cutter etc.

 Basic type of electrical tools:

C-clamp- used in holding objects together while they are being assembled. Center punch-used for marking metal parts Electrician knife- used by electricians to remove insulation of large wires or being cables File-used to remove rough edges Gimlet-used to make an initial hole for wood screws Hacksaw-used for cutting metals Hammer-used for striking hard objects like nails etc. Claw hammer- used for pulling nails Ball pen hammer- used to flatten metal surfaces Soft-laced hammer-used in rewinding jobs

Hand drill and bitt used for boring holes Hickey-used in bending small size pipes Micrometer-used to measure the diameter of small wires in mills Pipe cutter- used to cut small pipes Pipe threader- used in threading pipes like RSC Pipe vise- used to hold down the pipes while being cut Pliers-used for cutting, twisting or gripping electrical components Lineman pliers- side cutting pliers Long nose pliers- used for twisting, cutting and gripping or holding wires Diagonal pliers-simply called cutter Mechanical pliers

 Puller- used for pulling out gears, bushings and hearings Reamor- used to cut away rough edges of surfaces inside the pipe after being cut Push Pull Pipe Rule- a length measuring tool Screwdrivers-used to turn or drive screws with slotted threads Standard screw driver Philipps screw driver Stubb screw driver short in length Wire stripper- used in removing the insulation of small size wires

 Wrenches- used to tighten or loosen objects Adjustable wrench- size is adjustable Open-end wrench- used to grip the nut only in two sides Box wrench- used to grip the nut in all sides Allen wrench- used for hexagonally shaped nuts Vise-grip wrench- used to lock on objects and grip it Pipe wrench- used for gripping pipes only

Electrical Measuring Instruments:

These devices are used to measure essential electrical quantities such as voltages, current, resistances, frequency, watts etc. Types of instruments: Indicating Instruments-devices that indicate directly the value of the quantity being measured on the scale Examples: voltmeter, ammeter, ohmmeter, frequency meter, watt meter etc. Integrating instruments- device that combines two or more electrical quantities and register it as a single equivalent unit. Examples: kw-hr meter, var-hr meter, power factor meter etc. Recording instruments- devices that give a record of the variations of the electrical quantity being measured over a period of time Examples: Load-graph, seismograph, chromograph, etc.

Types of indicating instruments according to construction:

Permanent magnet moving coil meter- also known as darsonval meter, a coil wound on soft iron core placed between the poles of a permanent magnet. The needle of the meter is attached to a core and will deflect in proportion to the current in the coil. This was invented by Arsen d Arsonval and named in honor of Galvani

ADVANTAGES:
*Very accurate *Requires small operating current *Energy consumption is low *Scale is linear

DISADVANTAGES:
*Only used in DC

measurements *Cost is high *Error due to aging of springs and magnets

 Moving Iron Meter- also called iron vane meter, two pieces of triangular pieces of soft iron called vanes are placed inside a coil of wire. One iron vane is free to move while the other is fixed. Pointer of the meter is connected to the moving vane. Once current flows through the coil, moving vane will repel with the fixed bar and move causing the pointer to deflect in proportion to the current flowing through the coil.

ADVANTAGES:
*Cheapest *Used in both AC & DC measurements *Can stand for momentary loads

DISADVANTAGES:
*It consumes more energy *Error is high *Scale is non linear

Dynamometer- basically consists of fixed coil

(current coil) & a moving coil (potential coil). This is based on the principle that a mechanical force exists between two current carrying conductors. Moving coil is attached to the moving parts under the action of deflecting torque, pointer moves over the scale.

ADVANTAGES:

DISADVANTAGES:

*Used both in AC & DC measurements *Not affected by external fields

*Not uniform scale *More expensive than the 2 meters *Resistivity is low

VII-ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS IN BUILDING

7.1 Service Entrance: -defined as that portion of the supply conductor which extends from the street main duct or transformer to the service or switchboard of the building supply. The National Electrical Code (NEC) defined it as the conductor and equipment for delivering energy from the electrical supply system of the premises served. It is categorized as overhead or underground service. a) Overhead service entrance- is the common type of service wire installed by electrical power supply companies (Like MERALCO and Electric Cooperatives) for industrial, commercial and residential consumer users. A service drop is connected from the nearest utility pole to the building service entrance point and enter the building through the weather head down to the electric power meter.

b) Underground service entrance- consists of a conduit raceway extending from the property line where it is tapped to the main. The cable recommended for such purpose is the USE type (Underground Service Entrance) cable. Most buildings service entrances are connected to the secondary line voltage below 600 volts. Service entrance can be 2, 3 or 4 wires including a grounded neutral wire. Service entrance may be 2 wires of 120/240 volts or 4 wires with 120/208 or 277/400 volts for larger installations. Size of wires series from 60, 100 or 200 Amperes depending on the demand load but generally 2 wires service entrance does not exceed 60 Amperes. c) Electric meter- is generally installed outside the building at the property line wall or electric posts ready access to the utility meter reader, making it difficult to tamper or to install jumpers.

d) Feeder- as per National Electric Code (NEC) it is defined as all circuit conductors between the service equipment or the generator switchboard of an insulated plant and the final branch circuit over current device.

e) Main- is a feeder interior wiring extending from the service switch, generator bus or inverter bus to the main distribution center or electric servcie equipments.

f) Phase conductor wires are color coded: a) neutral- white or grey color b) First Hot Line A- black color c) Second Hot Line B0 red color -neutral conductor wire carries no current when the load on line A and line B are equal, since neutral line is grounded, it is neutral zero potential being ahlf way in voltage between line A & B.

g) Various electrical diagram representations; I. Block diagram- type of representation wherein major equipments are represented by rectangles or blocks. II. Riser diagram- type of representation showing the spatial relations between components. III. One line or single line diagram- used electrical symbols instead of blocks.

h) System voltage- is the power supply by a utility company like MERALCO and Electric Cooperative or what the transformer produces.

i) Utilization voltage- is the current being utilized after some normal voltage drop. Electric motors are rated at utilization voltage. Transformer is rated at 240/480 volt while an electric motor is 230/460 volts. To indicate that a motor is rated at 480 volts is not correct. Motors for 208 and 240 volt system are rated at 200 and 230 volts and so on. They cannot be changed interchangeably without serious effect on the motor performance. Thus, when specifying transformer, use the system voltage for electric motors use utilization voltage, a 4% utilization voltage drop is within the internal motor tolerance.

j) Grounding and Ground fault i. Ground- NEC defines it as zero voltage. The purpose of grounding the circuit should not be broken or fused to maintain a solid and uninterrupted connection to the ground. An established ground automatically becomes the reference for all voltage in the system. ii. Grounding could be accomplished by; 1. Connecting to a buried cold water main. 2. Connecting to a ground rod. 3. Connecting to a buried ground plate. iii. Code requires that all new installations shall use grounded outlets such as GFI &GFCI devices on all appliances circuits particularly on outdoor and bathroom locations of outlets.

k) Reasons for Grounding the Circuit System: 1. To prevent a sustained contact between the low voltage secondary line and the high voltage primary line in case of insulation fire. 2. To prevent single grounds from being noticed or detected while second ground occurs that could totally disable the secondary line. 3. To facilitate in locating the ground faults. 4. To protect against a short sudden rush of electric current in the circuit. 5. To establish a neutral at zero potential not to be interrupted by switches or protective devices. 6. To connect the service entrance to ground only at one point and to use colored wires for easy identification.

l) Circuit Safe Load i. Brach Circuit- is the technical term for house wiring installation that varies in sizes depending upon the load it is to serve. Load refers to the electricity drawn or consumed by lighting fixtures, appliances, equipments etc. ii. The code provides that wirings for electrical circuitry shall be of the types RHW , T, THW, TW, THWN, XNHW in a raceway or cables. iii. That on a 20 Ampere circuit, a single appliance shall not draw a current in excess of 16 Amperes. v. That if, a branch circuit, a single appliance draw shall not exceed 24 amperes. vi. That on a 20 Amperes circuit, a single appliance draw shall not exceed 24 amperes. vii. That a heavy lamp holders shall be rated not less than750 watts. viii. That a 30, 40 Amperes circuit shall not be used for fixed lighting residence.

ix. When loads are connected for a long period of time, actual load shall be computed not too exceed 80% of the fuse rating, long period of time refers to electric motors, air conditioner and other similar units with a continuous rating. x. That a continuous type load shall be considered 125% of the actual load in all load calculations. xi. A single receptacle on individual branch circuit shall have a rating of not less than a circuit. xii. Receptacles leading portable and or steady appliance shall be limited to loads of 80% of their rating that is; a) 12A for 15A receptacle b) 16A for 20A receptacle c) 24A for 30A receptacle xiii. The no. of outlets in a circuit shall be limited to: 6 outlets on a 15A circuit 8 outlets on a 20A circuit xiv. All receptacle outlets of 20 Amperes or less rating in one family and multifamily dwelling and in guest rooms of hotels and motels except those connected to the receptacle circuits specified in Section 3.3.13 of the code shall be considered as outlets for general illumination and no additional load calculations shall be required for such outlets.

VIII-ILLUMINATION AND ELECTRICAL BILLING OF MATERIALS

8-1 Illumination- defined as the intensity of light per unit per unit area. This is simply lighting and we are referring to man made lighting. Daylight being excellent is not included indeed, we assure a night time condition.

8-2 Electric Illumination- is the production of light by means of electricity and its applications to provide efficient, comfortable and safe vision. When we speak of lighting design, we refer to only two things; (a) quantity of light & (b) quality of light

8-3 Quantity of Light- refers to the amount of illumination or luminous flux per unit area. It can be measured and handled because it deals with the no. of light fixtures required for a certain area.

8-4 Quality of Light- refers to the distribution of brightness in the lighting installation. It deals with essential nature or characteristics of light. It is the mixture of all items related to the illumination that the quantity of light which includes several elements such as: 1. Brightness 5. Brightness ration or contrast 2. Glare 6. Diffusions 3. Color 7. Aesthetics 4. Psychological reaction & fixtures 8. Economics

There are four factors that affect illumination: 1. Brightness- is the light that seems to radiate from an object being viewed. Brightness or luminance is the luminous flux light emitted, transmitted or reflected from a surface. 2. Contrast- is the difference in brightness or the brightness ratio between and object to its background. The recommended ratio between an object and the object being viewed is normally seen 3:1 3. Glare- is a strong, steady, dazzling light or reflection. The quality of lighting must also include the visual comfort of the system which is the absence of glare. The excessive luminance and or excessive luminance ratio in the field of vision is referred as glare.

There are two (2) types of glare: 1. Direct glare- is an annoying brightness of light in persons normal field of vision. 2. Indirect or reflected glare- is serious and difficult to control & is technically glossy object.

i.

When the discomfort glare is caused by the light source in the field of vision, it is known as direct discomfort glare When the glare is caused by reflection of light source in a viewed surface, it is called reflected or veiling reflections.

ii.

4. Diffuseness- refers to the control of shadows cast by light. It is the degree to which light is shadowless and is a function of the no. of directions to which light collides with a particular point and the comparative intensities.

i. Perfect Diffusion- is an equal intensity of light dashing from all directions producing shadows

ii. There are three (3) characteristics that defined a particular coloration: (a) Hue- is the quality attributed by which we recognize and describe colors as red, yellow, green, violet, and so on. (b) Brilliance or Value- is the difference between the resultant colors of the same hue such as white which is most brilliant of the neutral colors while black is the least. (c) Saturation or Chromate- is the difference from the purity of colors, colors of high saturation must be used in a well lit spaces.

8-5 Estimating Illumination and Brightness 1-Three types of luminance meter available: (a) Comparator type- requires the operator to make a brightness equivalence judgment between the target and the background (b) Direct Reading Type- basically an illumination meter equipped with a hooded cell arranged to block oblique light. (c) Accurate laboratory Instrument- this is suitable for fieldwork. 2- Foot Candle (FC)- is the amount of light flux density. It is the unit of measure used when describing the amount of light in a room expressed in lumens per square foot (a) Foot candle meter- measured the quantity of light and the degree of illumination. (b) Foot Lambert (FL)- defined as the luminance of a surface reflecting, transmitting or emitting the lumen (lm) of illumination per square foot of area in the direction of being viewed or the conventional unit of brightness or luminance. The quantity called Light Flux Density is the common term foot candle (fc) represented by the formula:

(b) Foot Lambert (FL)- defined as the luminance of a surface reflecting, transmitting or emitting the lumen (lm) of illumination per square foot of area in the direction of being viewed or the conventional unit of brightness or luminance. The quantity called Light Flux Density is the common term foot candle (fc) represented by the formula: Foot candle=Lumens Area

i.

EXAMPLE 1: A 20 watt fluorescent lamp, 120 cm (48 in.) long produces 3,200 lumens of light in a room having a dimension of 10x20 ft. Find the illumination on the floor. SOLUTION: Foot candle (fc) = Lumens Area = 3,200 / m 10x20 ft. = 16 foot candle

ii. Rule of thumb 10-30-30 illumination level is here presented: 10 foot candle is adequate for halls and corridors 30 foot candle is sufficient for areas between work stations such as in offices than desk areas 50 foot candle is satisfactory on spaces where office work is being done

iii. Luminance or brightness of a diffusely reflecting surface is equal to the product of the illumination and the reflectance. LUMINANCE = ILLUMINATION x REFLECTANCE FACTOR OR FOOTLAMBERT = FOOT CANDLE x REFLECTANCE FACTOR EXAMPLE: Find the luminance if the reflectance factor of the wall is 40% having a foot candle illumination. Foot lambert = foot candle x Refelectance factor = 16 x 40% = 6.4

3- Lighting Units in Metric Measures i. In the metric system of measure, the distance is expressed in feet and the area in square feet. Under the metric system, the distance and the area are expressed in meters and square meters respectively, thus: Lumens flux remains in Lux hot Illumination or light flux expressed in Lux, thus; Lux = Lumens Area (sq. m.) ii. In metric system, luminance or brightness is expressed in Lambert which is defined as the luminance or brightness of a surface reflecting, transmitting or emitting one lumen per square centimeter. Millilambert is conveniently used than the lambert because the value of lambert because the value of the lambert is greater than that is usually encountered.

EXAMPLE: A 40 watts x 120 cm. Long fluorescent lamp produces 3,200 lumens of light in a room having a general dimension of 10 ft x 20 ft. Compute the illumination on the floor comparing the English and Metric Units. SOLUTION: BY COMPARISON

EXAMPLE: Compute the brightness of a fixture with a 1 x 4 plastic diffuser having a transmittance of 0.6 & illuminated by 2 pieces 3,200 lumens lamp assuming 100% use of light flux.

SOLUTION: LUMINANCE

= TOTAL LUMENS x TRANSMISSION FACTOR AREA OF DIFFUSER = 2 pcs x 3200 x 0.6 1 x 4 = 960 foot lambert

To obtain metric equivalent Millilambert = Foot lambert x 1.076 = 960 x 1.076 = 1, 032.96 millilambert

4-Terms, units and conversion factors; (a) Illumination (E)- intensity of light per unit area. (b) Light- the energy radiated in the form of luminous flux taht produces sensation to the eyes . (c) Lumen 9lm)- unit of luminous flux (d) Candlepower (l)- the light radiating capability of a light source. I= - total lumens produced by the lamp 4X (e) Candle or Candela- unit of candle power

(f) Coefficient of Utilization (Cu)- ratio of the lumens actually received by a particular surface to the total lumens emitted by the luminous source. This is dependent on the type of lamp, type of lighting system and color of the room.

= Lumens received Lumens emitted (g) Depreciation Factor (Df)- is the factor related to clearness of the lamp including the room, replacement of lamp after recommended life etc.
Df = Illumination when everything is new Illumination under actual condition

Cu

(h) Efficacy- ratio of luminous output to the input power in watts. Efficacy = Lumen Output Wattage consumed (i) Foot Candle (Fc)- unit of illumination when foot is taken as the unit of length. Fc = lumens n2

(j) Lux (Lx)- unit of illumination when meter is taken as the unit of length. lux = lumens m2 1 foot candle = 10.76 lux

4- Laws of Illumination a) the illumination on a surface is directly proportional to the luminous intensity of the illuminating source. b) the illumination on a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the illuminating source and the surface.

4- Laws of Illumination a) the illumination on a surface is directly proportional to the luminous intensity of the illuminating source. b) the illumination on a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the illuminating source and the surface c) the illumination on a surface is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle made by the normal to the illuminated surface with the direction of the incident flux.

c) the illumination on a surface is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle made by the normal to the illuminated surface with the direction of the incident flux.

Where

E illumination at point P l luminous intensity of the light source d distance of the light source to point P h mounting height or distance of the light source from the surface x horizontal distance of the light source to point P angle of incidence

Example: A light having a candle power of 100 candela is having 10 ft. directly above the working table. What is intensity of illumination of a point on the table? Solution: Since the point of interest is directly above the lamp O = is zero degree.

8.6 Electrical Lighting Materials: 1. Incandescent Lamp most commonly used lamp. Characteristics are as follows: a) Cost is cheaper b) Fast starting and small in size c) Only 70% of output power is connected to light d) Sensitive to voltage fluctuations e) Life span is short 2. Fluorescent Lamp one of the commonly used lamp, second to incandescent lamp. Characteristics are as follows: a) For same light output, it consumes lesser energy output b) Pleasant light output and high efficiency c) Life span is longer d) Not sensitive to voltage fluctuations e) Noisy due to ballast hum

3. Mercury Lamp a combination of the arc discharge characteristics of the fluorescent lamp and the shape of an incandescent lamp. 4. Sodium lamp high intensity discharge lamp 5. Tungsten Halogen Lamp also known as quartz lamp, a special type of incandescent lamp 6. Metal Halide Lamp basically a mercury lamp with a certain innovation of its arc tube.

IX NOTE ON RA 7920
RA 7920 REPUBLIC ACT # 7920 known as New Electrical Engineering Law 1. Composite of the Board Board of Electrical Engineering shall be created as a collegial body under the general supervision and administrative control of the Professional Regulation Commission, hereinafter called the Commission composed of a Chairman and 2 members to be appointed by the President of the Philippines from among the nominees of the Commissioner , who were chosen from the nominees of the Commissioner of the PRC, hereinafter called the Commissioner, who were chosen from the nominees of the integrated and accredited association of electrical engineers and allied fields. 2. Power and Duties of the Board: a) Supervise and regulate the practice of electrical engineering in the Phil. b) Determine and evaluate the qualifications of the applicants for registration with or without licensure examination and for special permit. c) Prepare the examination questions and prescribe the syllabi of the subject and their relative weights for the licensure examinations. d) Prescribe, amend or revise the requirements for PEE and the subjects for the licensure examinations for REE & RME and their relative weight subject for the approval of the Commission.

e) Register successful applicants for PEE and applicants who have passed the licensure examination for REE and RME and their relative weight subject to the approval of the Commission. f) Look into the conditions affecting the practice of electrical engineering profession and conduct ocular inspection to places where registrants practice their profession. g) Promulgate duties and regulations including the code of ethics, administrative duties, orders and issuances to carry out the provisions of this act. h) Investigate violations of the Act and the rules and regulations, Code of Ethics administrative duties, orders and issuances promulgated by the Board. i) Issues subpoena to secure the attendance of the respondents or witnesses or the production of documents relative to the investigation conducted. j) Delegate the investigation of the case to the Chairman, a member of the board or a PRC Attorney. k) Render decision, order or resolution on preliminary investigation or inquiry and shall become final and executory unless appealed with the Commission within 15 days from the receipt of the copy. l) After due notice and hearing, cancel exam results & or bar an examinee from future examination, refuse or deter his registration; reprimand the applicant with stern warning, suspend the practice of his profession, revoke his cert. of registration, to detest his name from the roll of PEEs,

m) To administer oath in connection with the administration, implementation of the enforcement of the Act. n) Submit annual report on the proceedings and accomplishments during the year and recommendations of the Board to the Commission after the close of each year. o) Prosecute or institute criminal action against any violation of the Act and or the rules and regulations of the Board. p) Adopt an official seal. q) Coordinate with the DECS in prescribing, amending and or revising the courses. r) Prescribe guidelines and criteria on the CPE (Continuing Professional Education) program for PEEs, REEs, & RMEs and renew their professional licenses after compliance with the CPE requirements. s) Perform such other functions and duties as may be necessary to implement effectively the Act. 3. Qualifications of Board Members a) Be a natural born Filipino citizen and a resident in the Phil. for at least five (5) consecutive years. b) Be at least thirty-five (35) years of age proven integrity with high moral values in this personal as well as in his professional conduct.

c) Be a person with no final conviction by the court of an offense involving moral turpitude. d) Be a holder of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE) from a university, school, college, academy or institute duly constituted, recognized and accredited by the Phil. government. e) Be professional Electrical Engineer (PEE) with valid certificate of registration and a valid professional license duly qualified to practice electrical engineering in the Philippines. f) Have practiced electrical engineering for a period of not less than ten years (10) prior to his appointment with a sworn statement as such. g) Not b an official member of the faculty or have a percuniary interest in any university, college, school or institution conferring a bachelors degree in electrical engineering for at least three (3) years prior to his appointment and is not connected with the review center, with any group or association where review classes or lectures in preparation for the licensure examinations are offered.

4. Terms of Service The members of the Board shall hold office for a term of three (3) years from the date of appointment until their successors shall have been appointed and qualified. Vacancies in the Board shall be filled up by the President from the list of recommended selected by the Commissioner who were chosen from the list of nominees submitted by the integrated and accredited association for the unexpired term only. 5. Removal of Board Member Any member of the Board may be removed by the President of the Phil. upon the recommendation of the Commissioner for neglect of duty, incompetence, malpractice, commission or tolerance of irregularities in the examination or for unprofessional, unethical or dishonorable misconduct after having been given the opportunity to defend himself to a proper administrative investigation. 6. Executive of the Board The Commissioner of the PRC shall be the executive officer of the board and shall conduct the examination given by the board. 7. Holding of Examinations Examinations for the practice of electrical engineering in the Phil. Should be given twice a year in the City of Manila and other places on dates the Board may recommend for determination of scheduling. The qualified applicants for examination, notice of examination shall be issued not later than ten (10) days prior to the first day of examination.

8. Qualifications of Applicants for Registered Master Electrician Examination Any person applying for admission to the registered master electrician examination as here in provided shall establish the satisfaction of the Board that on or before the date of the date of examination, he possesses the following qualifications; a) He is a citizen of the Philippines b) He is at least eighteen (18) years of age. c) He is of good reputation with high moral values. d) He is not been convicted by the court of an offense involving moral turpitude. e) He has any of the following technical backgrounds. 1. He has completed at least three (3) years of a five year Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE) program or three-year course in Electrical Engineering technology from an engineering school recognized by the Phil. Government and in addition has a subsequent specific record of one (1) year practice in electrical wiring & installation, operation & maintenance of utilization devices & equipment or

2. Has graduated from a two year electrician course of instruction from a vocational or trade school recognized by the Phil. Govt & in addition has at least two (2) years of apprenticeship after the completion of the course of instruction on electrical wiring & installation , operation & maintenance of utilization devices and equipment, or 3. Has completed a one (1) year electrician course of instruction from a vocational or trade school recognized by the Phil. Govt & in addition has at least three (3) years of apprenticeship record of at least five (5) years of apprenticeship in electrical wiring & installation, operation & maintenance of utilization devices and equipment.

9. Report of ratings: The board of Electrical Engineering shall within one hundred fifty (150) days after the date of completion of the examinations, report the ratings obtained by each candidate to the Commission. 10. Re-examination of Failed Subjects: An applicant shall be allowed to re-take any number of times only on the subjects in which he has obtained a grade below fifty percent (50%). When he obtains an average of 70% percent in the subjects repeated, he shall be considered to ahve passed his licensure examination.
11. Oath All successful candidates in the examination shall be required to take professional oath before the board or any government official authorized to administer oaths prior to the practice of REEs, PEEs, RMEs.

FILED OF PRACTICE OF A REGISTERED MASTER ELECTRICIAN: A registered master electricians field of practice includes the installation, wiring, operation, maintenance and repair of electrical machinery, equipment and devices in residential, institutional, commercial and industrial buildings in power plants, substations, water crafts, electrical locomotives 7 the like provided that the installation of the machinery is rated not in excess of 500 KVA or in excess of 600V, the work shall be under the supervision of a professional electrical engineer or a registered electrical engineer.
INDICATION OF REGISTRATION / PROFESSIONAL LICENSE NUMBER The PEEs, REEs or RMEs shall be required to indicate his registration / professional license number, date registered & the date of the expiry in the documents he signs, uses or issues in correction with the practice of his profession.

X PREVIOUS RME EXAMINATIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE TESTS

A. APRIL 1994 RME 1. A 6 volt lead-acid battery has an internal resistance of 0.01 ohm. How much current flow if the battery has a short circuit? A. 60 A B. 600 A C. INFINITY D. ZERO ANSWER AND SOLUTION B. 600 A

2. An AC series circuit has a resistance of 6 , an inductive reactance of 10 and a capacitive reactance of 18 . What is the circuit power factor? A. B. C. D. 0.6 leading 0.8 lagging 0.6 lagging 0.8 leading

ANSWER AND SOLUTION A. 0.6 Leading Given: R=6 = 10 = 18 Pf = ?

3. A binary alloy of copper and zinc. A. B. C. D. Bronze Brass Alnico Steel

ANSWER AND SOLUTION B. Brass

B. RME April 1995 1. The resistance of a conductor when its impedance is increased. A. Increases B. Remains constant C. Varies D. Decreases

ANSWER: A. increases

2. A meter whose needle is initially at the center. A. Dynamometer B. Iron Vane Meter C. Galvanometer D. Voltmeter

ANSWER: C. Galvanometer

C. October 1996 RME / October 1995 RME 1. Automatic device that operates at present values is known as A. Relay B. Mercury switch C. Contactor D. Fuse

ANSWER: A. Relay

2. A diagram showing the physical location of the components; coils, contacts, motors & the like in their actual position that would be found on an installation. A. Ladder Diagram B. Schematic Diagram C. Wiring Diagram D. Power Flowing Dagram

ANSWER: C. Wiring Diagram

3. At starting the motor current is high due to A. Counter emf is high B. Counter emf is zero C. Supply voltage is high D. Armature circuit resistance is open

ANSWER: B. Counter emf is zero

D. RME April 1996 1. Two resistors of resistances of 5 and 7 are connected in series across a 60 volt source. What is the power absorbed by the 5 resistor? A. 50 watts B. 25 watts C. 125 watts D. 100 watts

ANSWER: C. 125 watts

2. Shunt generators are most suitable for parallel operation due to their ________ A. Constant voltage characteristics B. Dropping voltage characteristic C. Increasing voltage characteristics D. Variable voltage characteristics

ANSWER: B. Drooping voltage characteristics

E. April 1995 RME 1. In concealed knob and tube wiring, the clearance to be maintained between conductors is: A. 66 mm B. 45 mm C. 76 mm D. 800 mm

ANSWER: C. 76 mm

2. A run of type 1 GS cable between pull boxes or terminations shall not contain more than the equivalent of ______________ quarter trends.\ A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four

ANSWER: D. four

3. For optional in dwelling units, the first 10 kw shall be computed at 100% while the remainder is at _______. A. 65% B. 60% C. 50% D. 40%

ANSWER: D. 40%

F. RME October 1996 1. In resistance color coding, red color is assigned to a value? A. 3 B. 0 C. 2 D. 1

ANSWER: C. 2

3. During short circuit test on transformer, which side is shorted/ A. High side B. Low side C. Either side D. Both sides

ANSWER: B. Low side

G. RME October 1995 1. An electric iron takes 3 Amps. If the heating element has a resistance of 40 , what is the power consumption? A. 0.45 KW B. 0.49 KW C. 0.35 KW D. 0.51KW

ANSWER: B. 0.49 KW

2. Another name for secondary cell. A. Wet cell B. Storage cell C. Dry cell D. Disposable cell

ANSWER: B. Storage cell

3. Two resistance of 8 and 10 ohms respectively are connected in parallel & make a total current of 9A. What is the current flowing in the 8 resistance? A. 5A B. 4A C. 6A D. 3A

ANSWER: A. 5A

4. A 50 F capacitor has a reactance of 53.05 at a frequency of A. 80 Hz B. 50 Hz C. 70 Hz D. 60 Hz

ANSWER: D. 60 Hz

5. What resistance must be connected across a 4 resistor in order to give an equivalent resistance must be connected across 4 resistor in order to give an equivalent resistance of 3 ? A. 10 ohms B. 9 ohms C. 12 ohms D. None of these

ANSWER: A. 12 ohms

6. A high resistance connected in parallel with a potential relay across 120 V battery will: A. Increase in the current through the relay B. Increase the voltage through the relay C. Have no effect on the relay D. Make the relay inoperative

ANSWER: C. Have no effect on the relay

7. Three capacitors of 5, 10 and 15 F respectively are connected end to end. Find the equivalent capacity of the combination. A. 2.73 B. 30 C. 5.23 D. None of these

ANSWER: A. 2.73 F

H. RME April 1995 1. How is a voltmeter connected in a circuit? A. Connected in short circuit across the load B. Connected in shunt across the load C. Connected in series across the load D. Connected in open circuit with the load

ANSWER: B. Connected in shunt across the load

2. Component of an atom that doesnt have electrical charge? A. Electron B. Proton C. Neutron D. None of these

ANSWER: C. neutron

3. A lead-acid cell is connected in multi plate for the purpose of A. Increasing the emf of the cell B. Increasing the capacity of the cell C. Increasing the internal resistance of the cell D. All of these

ANSWER: B. Increasing the capacity of cell

4. An ohmmeter consists of a meter movement in series with A. Inductor B. Spring C. Capacitor D. Battery

ANSWER: D. Battery

5. The resistance reading of a shorted capacitor is A. High B. Zero C. Infinity D. Low

ANSWER: B. Zero

6. In a large alternator, which of the following is negligible? A. Reactance of winding B. Resistance of winding C. Impedance of winding D. None of these

ANSWER: B. Resistance of winding

7. A phenomenon in a series AC circuit wherein a maximum current will flow A. Avalanche B. Resonance C. Break-even D. Breakdown

ANSWER: B. Resonance

8. A measuring instrument used to measure the diameter of circular wires in mils. A. Micrometer B. Millimeter C. Wire gauge D. Milliammeter

ANSWER: D. Micrometer

I.

RME October 1994 & October 1995

1. The rotating part of a DC motor is known as A. Pole B. Stator C. Carbon brush D. Armature

ANSWER: D. Armature

2. The resistance of a coil of wire is 1 K at 20C. If the coil is immersed into an oil, the resistance falls to 880 . If the wire has a temperature coefficient of 0.006 at 20C. How much is the temperature of the liquid? A. 0C B. -20C C. 17.6C D. None of these

ANSWER: A. 0C

3. Power factor is defined as the ratio of: A. Watts to volt-amps B. Volt-amps to reactive volt-amps C. Watts to active volt-amps D. Volt-amps to watts

ANSWER: A. Watts to volt-amps

4. Electrons in the last orbit of an atom are called A. Bound electrons B. Free electrons C. Valence electrons D. Charged electrons

ANSWER: C. Valence electrons

3. Power factor is defined as the ratio of: A. Watts to volt-amps B. Volt-amps to reactive volt-amps C. Watts to active volt-amps D. Volt-amps to watts

ANSWER: A. Watts to volt-amps

5. A 400 MCM cable has 37 strands, what is the diameter of each strand in mils? A. 10.81 B. 1081 C. 104 D. 108

ANSWER: C. 104

J. RME October 1996 1. If the two leads of a DC series motor are reversed, which of the following events will happen? A. Becomes a generator B. It turns in the same direction as before C. It will not run D. It will run in the reversed direction

ANSWER: D. It will run in the reversed direction

2. Copper field coils of a motor was measured at 21C & found to have resistance of 68 . After the motor has run for a given time, the resistance is found to be 50 . What is the hot temperature of the winding? A. 106.36 C B. 106.30 C C. 103.66 C D. None of these

ANSWER:C. 103.66 C

3. The continuity of a coil of winding maybe determined by measuring the resistance of the coil. If the resistance measured is infinite, the coil winding is A. Open B. Perfect condition C. Partially shorted D. Totally shorted

ANSWER:A. Open

4. A secondary cell is charged with a constant current of 10A for 10 hours. How much charge is accumulated? A. 100 coulombs B. 360, 000 coulombs C. 100, 000 coulombs D. 60, 0000 coulombs

ANSWER: B. 360, 000 coulombs

6. A cell whose emf is 1.45 V has an internal resistance of 4 . What current will flow, if this cell is connected across 1 resistor? A. 4A B. 2A C. 5A D. 0.3A

ANSWER: D. 0.3A

7. Another name for full voltage starting? A. Reduce voltage starting B. Full load starting C. Direct on-line D. Starting without a contractor

ANSWER: C. Direct on-line

8. What is the neutral current of a 4-wire, 3 phase circuit if line A carries 50A, line B carries 50A, line C carries also 50A? A. 50 A B. 86.6 A C. 0 A D. 16.57 A

ANSWER: C. 0 A since the three line currents are equal

9. What is the amperage of a 120 V, I phase circuit taht supplies a load of 3.12 kVolt-amperes? A. 26 A B. 30 A C. 22 A D. 15 A

ANSWER: A. 26 A

K. Philippine Electrical Code 1. The maximum electrical trade size of intermediate conduit is? A. 150mm B. 125mm C. 200mm D. 100mm

ANSWER: D. 100mm

2. Before starting and installation works, alteration, repair or extension on any electrical system, what type of permit is required? A. Building permit B. Working permit C. Electrical permit D. Mayors permit

ANSWER: C. Electrical permit

3. The Phil. Electrical Code (PEC) is intended for ______________ applications by government bodies exercising jurisdiction over electrical installation. A. Advisory B. Optimal C. Mandatory D. All of these

ANSWER: C. Mandatory

L. RME October 1995 (PEC) 1. Equipment for installation in hazardous locations must be tested and approved for use according to the classification of hazardous involved. These are divided into ____groups. A. 4 B. 3 C. 7 D. 6

ANSWER: B. 3

2. Individual branch circuits using type FCC (Flat Conductor Cable) that have ratings not exceeding ____________. A. 20 A B. 30 A C. 15 A D. 40 A

ANSWER: A. 20 A

3. Which of the following conductors is applicable for underground service entrance conductors? A. Type THWN B. Type UF C. Type M D. Type USE

ANSWER: D. Type USE