NEBOSH INTERNATIONAL GENERAL CERTIFICATE

ELEMENT 1 THE FOUNDATIONS OF HEALTH & SAFETY

BASIC DEFINITONS
HEALTH: The protection of the bodies & minds of people from illness resulting materials processes or procedures used in the workplace WHAT IS !!"#ATI $A% I%%&H'A%TH( SAFETY: The protection of people from ph)sical in*ur)

BASIC DEFINITONS
ACCIDENT & unplanned, unwanted e-ent that results in loss. OCCUPATINAL ACCIDENT & accident arising as result of or during work resulting in occupational loss.

 COMMUTING ACCIDENT
Occupational accident occurrin ! & on the direct wa) between the place of work and the emplo)ee0s residence1 & the place of work & the place where emplo)ees take their meals1 or & an) other known work related destination.

NEA" ACCIDENT! # "nplanned, unwanted e-ent that under slightl)

different conditions could ha-e resulted in loss.

 HA$A"D! an)thing with the potential to cause harm. !AT'3 4I5' HA5A46S 734 "# 6IS!"SSI $8 "IS%! In the conte9t of HS', risk is defined as a measure of the probabilit) for an #robabilit) incident to happen and of the potential se-erit) of the conse:uences. 7;S HSAS 1<==1:2==>8 Dan erou& occurrence: something happens which does not result in a reportable in*ur), but which clearl) could ha-e done 7refer to 4I66 4 & discuss8.

Se-erit)

Ho'e(er) t*ere are &o+e po'er,ul incenti(e& ,or or ani-ation& to 'or. on ac*ie(in *i * OHS &tandard&!
MORAL (protect people from injury & ill health) ECONOMIC (cost effective objectives' achievement) LEGAL (legal compliance & avoidance of law suites)

Source& o, In,or+ation Internal

4isk assessments #olicies Inspection reports @edical records Health and safet) committees #lant registers Safet) ad-isors

E/ternal
3o-ernment bodies $ational safet) organisations Suppliers and manufacturers International standards !onsultants and specialists Insurance companies

Bene,it& o, Good Healt* and Sa,et0 Practice

Increased le-els of compliance Impro-ed production Impro-ed staff morale Impro-ed compan) reputation 4educed accidents 4educed ill health 4educed damage to e:uipment 4educed staff complaints 4educed staff turno-er 4educed insurance premiums 4educed fines and compensation claims

INTE"NATIONAL STANDA"DS 1 OHS "ESOU"CES

The International %abor rganiBation I% is affiliated to the "$ ccupational Safet) & Health Administration SHA in the "S

International Standards rganiBation IS publishes international standards ;S HSAS 1<==1: 2==> C ccupational Health & Safet) Assessment SeriesC ;SI HS3 ?2, 2==+: CSuccessful Health & Safet) @anagement S)stems

Propo&ed E/ternal Source& o, in,or+ation on OHS!

$ational Safet) rganiBations e.g. I SH Institution of ccupational Safet) & Health #rofessional !onsultants and !onsultanc) bodies e.g. @irdif Securit) & Safet) Workers "nions & 3o-ernmental sources of laws & 4egulations. Suppliers and @anufacturers. Internet: The SHA website: www.osha.go $ational Institute of ccupational Safet) & Health "SA: www.cdc.go-Dniosh The I SH website: www.iosh.co.uk The ;ritish Safet) !ouncil website: www.bscawards.org The I% website: www.ilo.org The Health & Safet) '9ecuti-e "E website: www.hse.go-.uk The 'uropean Agenc) for Safet) & Health at Work: http:DDhwi.osha.europa.eu

Propo&ed Internal Source& o, In,or+ation on OHS!

#olicies & Internal Standards HS meeting minutes & recommendations AuditsDinspections0 reports 4isk 4egisters & 4isk Assessments Incidents0 records & accidents in-estigation reports

Safety Management Systems Plan

ISO 9001 ISO 14001
*
Step 1 Establish standards for health & safety management based on risk assessment and legal requirements

Step 2 Implement plans to a hie!e ob"e ti!es and standards

D o

Step 4

Step % &easure progress $ith plans and omplian e $ith standards

Plan Do ' Check Act Act

#e!ie$ against ob"e ti!es and standards and take appropriate a tion

Chec k

SUCCESSFUL OHS MS
1.# %I!F 2. 43A$I5ATI $ +.#%A$$I$3 & I@#%'@'$TATI $ /.@'AS"4I$3 #'4G 4@A$!' 2.4'HI'W & A"6ITS 76IS!"SS I$ 34 "# A!TIHITF8

HSG23 Sa,et0 Mana e+ent S0&te+&

*oli y Organisation *lanning and implementing &easuring performan e #e!ie$ing performan e # #

'uditing

@ 4 A

ILO-OSH, 2001 (ILO)

Continual impro emen t *oli y

Polic0 Or ani&in Plannin and I+ple+entation E(aluation Action ,or i+pro(e+ent

' tion for impro!ement

'udit

Organising

E!aluation

*lanning & implementation

Continual impro ement

OHSAS 1!001, 200" (#SI)

T*e ele+ent& o, t*e &0&te+ are!
45 OH1S Polic0 65 Plannin 75 I+ple+entation and operation 85 C*ec.in and correcti(e action 35 Mana e+ent re(ie'

ELEMENT 2 THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY

O"GANI$ATIONAL ST"UCTU"E
"OLES 1 "ESPONSIBILITIES! 6irectors & senior managers Super-isors Safet) ad-isers Specialists 'mplo)ees

E9TE"NAL "OLES 1 "ESPONSIBILITIES

#'4S $S I$ ! $T4 % G TH' #4'@IS'S S'%G '@#% F'6 S"##%F !HAI$1 suppliers, designers & manufacturers I I$T !!"#ATI $ #4'@IS'S A$6 G

CONT"ACTO"S
J 'mplo)ers are responsible for protecting people Kincluding contractors & subcontractors& from harm caused b) work acti-ities. J !ontractors ha-e a well established & implemented HS management s)stem. J !ontractors ha-e a histor) & e9perience in the field.

CONT"ACTO"S
Top contractor management demonstrates commitment to HS. !ontractors can pro-e competenc) of their personnel. !ontractors are monitoring different E#I LsM1 accident rates, ill health dataNetc.

What else(O

Client& dutie& to '*en 'or. :ein done :0 Contractor&

J To consider the risks to their own emplo)ees from the work J The risks to the !ontractors emplo)ees from the !lients acti-ities J 4isks to the public and others from the work

Contractor& dutie&
J J J J To consider the risks to their own emplo)ees from the work The risks to the clients emplo)ees from their acti-ities 4isks to the public and others from the work To follow clients rules and procedures

Mana e+ent o, Contractor&

J J J J J J J J J J J J J J Select a suitable contractor #lanning the *ob !ontrolling contractors on site !hecking contractors work 4e-iew contractors performance '9perience of the t)pe of work and industr) Suitable references 'nforcement record Safet) management such as #olic), risk assessments etc. Accident and ill&health data @embership of tradeDprofessional bodies !ompetence and training of emplo)ees Arrangements for selection of sub&contractors Arrangement for ongoing liaison with clients

Selectin a &uita:le Contractor

"OLES OF SAFETY AD;ISE"

INTE"NALLY!
J @ust be competent1 well trained, :ualified, e9perienced with a positi-e attitude. J @ust be able to ad-ise management& emplo)ees with authorit) & independence1 on creating & maintaining HS @S, promoting HS culture, HS planning & performance re-iews & Audits. J !ontribute acti-el) in de-eloping & maintaining procedures to ensure reporting, in-estigating, recording & anal)Bing accidents & incidents.

"e&pon&i:ilitie& o, Sa,et0 Ad(i&or&

J ;e properl) trained and :ualified J @aintain ade:uate information s)stems J ;e able to interpret the law appl)ing to their organisation J 'stablish and maintain procedures for reporting, in-estigating, recording and anal)sing accidents and incidents J ;e able to present their ad-ice effecti-el)

Dutie& o, E+plo0er&!
Safe plant a& s)stems of work Safe place of work, access & egress #ro-ision of I T I S 7discuss8 A written HS polic) with organiBational & other arrangements !onsultation with emplo)ees and safet) representati-es Safe working en-ironment with Welfare facilities "ndertake suitable & sufficient 4isk Assessments & implement ade:uate control measures

Dutie& o, E+plo0ee&!
"se an) e:uipment or substance in accordance with an) training or instruction gi-en b) the emplo)er. Show reasonable care towards themsel-es & others affected b) their acti-ities. !ooperate with emplo)ers assisting them to fulfill their legal duties. $ot to break HS regulations deliberatel). 4eport to the emplo)er an) serious or imminent danger. 4eport an) shortcomings in the emplo)er0s protecti-e HS arrangements

"OLES OF SAFETY AD;ISE"

E9TE"NALLY! coordinate with: '9ternal !onsultants & professional bodies. HS' Authorities & Gire brigades. #olice & Ambulance. Insurance companies & contractors. !lients, customers & suppliers.

OHS CONSULTATION <ITH EMPLOYEES

4isk Assessments & an) information about the control measures #lanning & organiBation for HS training Arrangements when appointing competent personnel to assist in compl)ing with HS laws & international 4egulations An) of the HS issues which seem of importance to the emplo)ees or their safet) 4epresentati-es

1 out&ide t*e or ani-ation!

!oordination with: '9ternal !onsultants & professional bodies. HS' Authorities & Gire brigades. #olice & Ambulance. Insurance companies & contractors. @edia & #ublic. !lients, customers & suppliers

Function& o, Sa,et0 "epre&entati(e!

4epresent emplo)ees in HS consultation with emplo)er. In-estigating Incidents. !arr) out risk Assessments & plan Ade:uate controls. %ook into emplo)ees0 issues & complaints relating to HS. Attend safet) !ommittee &Dor %oss #re-ention Team meetings. Assist in Audits & scheduled inspection1 follow up on correcti-e actions. #lan & super-ise HS awards programs. 4aise the workforce awareness of HS issues & help promote a positi-e HS !ulture.

T*e rea&on& a per&on +a0 ,ail to co+pl0 'it* a &a,et0 procedure alt*ou * t*e0 are co+petent are co+ple/ :ut +a0 include!
%ack of moti-ation "nrealistic working procedures %ack of management commitment -er familiarisation with the task 4epetiti-e work leading to boredom #eer group pressure Wilful disregard of laid down proceduresDsuper-ision Gatigue and stress %ack of information, consultation Iob insecurit)

"ea&on& to in(e&ti ate accident&

J #re-ent future accidents b) identif)ing and eliminating the causes J 6emonstrate concern about peoples health and safet) J Impro-e worker morale J Identif) weaknesses in management time J #re-ent business loses J !ollate accident and ill&health data and identif) trends J 6efend criminal cases J 6efend claims for compensation

Action& ,ollo'in Accident

I++ediate J Treatment for in*ured personnel J @ake the area safe J Initiate emergenc) plan J !ontact emergenc) ser-ices J #reser-e scene for in-estigation J @a) ha-e to notif) enforcing authorit) Initial J Identif) witnesses J 4eport details to senior management J 4eport details to insurance compan) Lon er Ter+ J 6ecide the depth of the in-estigation and select team J 3ather e-idence at the scene J Inter-iew witnesses J '9amine documents J Appoint specialists if necessar)

Co+po&ition o, In(e&ti ation tea+

J Super-isors and line managers from department where accident occurred J A senior manager from another department J Health and Safet) professionals J Specialists e.g. 'ngineers J 4epresentati-e of workers J 'mplo)ee e9perienced in the work acti-it).

Direct=I++ediate cau&e o, an accident An un'anted) unplanned e(ent t*at re&ult& in a lo&& "oot=Underl0in cau&e o, an accident T*e ,ailure& in +ana e+ent &0&te+& or procedure& t*at *a(e led to t*e accident

"ea&on& <*0 record& &*ould :e .ept

J J J J J To pre-ent a recurrence @onitoring purposes %egal reasons ccupational ill&health ma) take )ears to occur !i-il claims

"eportin o, accident&
J 4eport to enforcing authorit) J In*uries in-ol-ing lost time J 6angerous occurrences J ccupational diseases

In,or+ation in "eport
J J J J J J J J Who is in*ured person Where the accident happened When it happened What happened Wh) it happened 6ocumentation '-idence 4ecommendations

Monitorin Acti(e Monitorin Benc*+ar.in

Takes ke) performance indicators and compares them e9ternall) with similar organisations or industr) standards

<or.place In&pection&
A formal, structured e9amination possibl) b) a team of people of the working en-ironment that identif) haBards that are not controlled

Li+itation& o, in&pection&
J Some haBards are not -isible J Some haBards not alwa)s present J "nsafe practices not seen

T0pe& o, in&pection&
J 3eneral workplace inspections J Statutor) inspections J !ompliance inspections

People '*o carr0 out in&pection&

J J J J J @anagers Super-isors Health and Safet) ad-isors 'mplo)ee safet) representati-es 'nforcement agencies

In&pection C*ec.li&t
J J J J J J J J J J J J J !ondition of processes and plant !ontractors 'lectrical 'n-ironmental conditions Gire protection Girst aid Hand held tools HaBardous substances HousekeepingDcleanliness %ifting e:uipment @anual handling @achiner) guarding $oise etc.

Sa,et0 Sa+plin
A random e9ercise in which assigned obser-ers walk in allotted timescale noting incidence of health and safet) defects on pre& prepared sheets

Sa,et0 Tour&
An unscheduled e9amination of a workplace to look for acceptable standards. A tour can be carried out b) a @anager and demonstrates commitment to safet)

Audit
A thorough e9amination of the performance of the health and safet) management s)stems, procedures. Audits look at @anagement s)stems, #rocedures, Training, documentation such as safe s)stems, #ermits to work, Inter-iew selected emplo)ees as well as e9amining the workplace.

"eacti(e Monitorin
J J J J J J J J J Accidents Incidents Ill&health statistics $ear misses 6angerous occurrences !omplaints b) workforce 'nforcement action #rosecutions !i-il claims

ELEMENT 3 HEALTH & SAFETY RISK ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL

SUITABLE 1 SUFFICIENT
All aspects of work acti-it) to be considered1 4outine and $on 4outine operations. Identif) significant haBards and risks & e-aluate the risks. Identif) control measures in place and planned D pre-ention and mitigation. !onsider risks to public. 'nsure the risk assessment is regularl) re-iewed.
"IS% NT ASSESSME

<HO SHOULD DO IT>?

Team with e9perience and training in haBard identification and risk assessment. Enowledge of the process or acti-it). 3ood communication and reporting skills. Abilit) to interpret legislation and guidance. @anagerial influence to implement change.

2 SI@#%' ST'#S T 6 4ISE ASS'SS@'$T

1. Look for the ha ard !. "ecide #$% might be harmed and how &. 'valuate ( 'stimate the )*+, and decide whether e-isting precautions are ade.uate or more action should be done /. )ecord your findings 0. )eview your assessment and revise it if necessary
Hierarc*0 o, Control +ea&ure& ,or re+o(in or reducin a *a-ard

4@ LOO% FO" THE HA$A"DS

HS Inspection !hecklist !lose bser-ation of tasks

Accident, ill health or near miss data. Iob safet) anal)sis. %egal standards. 3uidance1 I% , HS'... etc. SHA, IS ,

!onsultation & Internet search.

6@ <HO MIGHT BE HA"MED>?

All 'mplo)ees Hisitors & #ublic !ontractors !leaning & !atering Staff Trainees & Hulnerable groups

7@ "IS% E;ALUATION
A8 #robabilit) or %ikelihood of Harm ccurring

$ighly 1nlikely )easonably Likely 'ven 2hance $ighly Likely 3lmost 2ertain

1 ! & / 0

;8 !onse:uences or Se-erit) of Harm 4inor *njury5 2uts and abrasions6 minor skin or eye irritations6 etc.
*njury re.uiring first aid5 3ny injury that re.uires first aid. *njury or industrial disease re.uiring medical treatment5 "eep wounds6 fractures6 scalds6 burns6 eye injuries6 respiratory infections6 temporary blindness or hearing loss6 etc. +erious injury or long term medical effects (industrial disease)5 Loss of fingers6 toes6 damage to eyes6 serious medical effects. 4ajor *njury or 7atality5 Loss of limbs6 sight6 hearing6 long term illness or death.

1 ! &

Table of Risk Rating

HIE"A"CHY OF CONT"OL
Eli+inationA get rid of the haBard altogether K if possible. Su:&titutionA replace a haBard with something less haBardous e.g. lead free flu9. En ineerin control& = I&olationA @achine guarding, Sound proof control roomsN etc. Ad+ini&trati(e control&A Iob rotation, Training, Work Instructions, Super-ision, Information, Safe S)stem of Work, 'mergenc) preparedness, Signs, 3ood House keeping Per&onal Protecti(e EBuip+entA last line of defense. di&cipline

8@ "ECO"D "IS% ASSESSMENTS

<HY>
Accident In-estigation. Guture reference. Audits. 6ut) of care D %egal re:uirements.
IEW S?! V E O R MENT T S HEN SSES W 5] ISK A R

3@ "e(ie' "i&. A&&e&&+ent& in ca&e o,! Accidents, $ear misses or 'mergencies. #eriodicall) & If It is no longer -alid. !hange in legal re:uirements. After Audits. $ew Acti-ities D e:uipment D personnel. $ew info a-ailable D $ew technologies.

GENE"AL CONT"OL P"INCIPLES

1. Avoid Risk: stop doing the task, using different processes or eliminate the haBard altogether if possible 2. Evaluate Risks that can not be avoided: !arr) out 4isk Assessment 3. Combat Risk at Source: 4emo-e the cause rather than pro-iding protection e.g. using %ocal '9haust Hentilation s)stems instead of pro-iding ##'. 4. Adapting the ork to the individual: !onsult affected emplo)ees to impro-e design of workplace, work e:uipment, working hours & pattern !. Adapting to technical progress: it is crucial to take ad-antage of new technologies

Ha-ard Control Strate 0

Hierarch* o+ control 'e+inition/
' preferred series of measures to ontrol risks in order of priority starting $ith elimination and ending $ith dis ipline0 $ & I C liminate% #emo!e trailing able e'uction% +se lo$er !oltage tools (olate% ,uard dangerous ma hinery ontrol% #edu e time-frequen y of e.posure P er(onal Protecti e $)uipment% Issue **E D i(cipline% Enfor e rules and

Main t0pe& o, PPE

Head protection ')e protection Goot protection Hand and arm protection ;od) protection 4espirator) protection

Sa,et0 Si n&
#rohibition L!ircular, 4ed, white backgroundM Warning LTriangular, Fellow black edgingM @andator) L!ircular, ;lue white s)mbolsM Safe !ondition L3reen, White s)mbolsM

SAFE SYSTEM OF <O"%

Method for doing a job in a safe way; takes account of all foreseeable hazards to OHS & seeks to eliminate or minimize these. Safe systems of work are formal & documented e.g. ermit to !ork" system.

Per+it to <or.!# Is a formal written

procedure re:uiring written confirmation that certain actions ha-e been carried out to eliminate or control risks before a specific high risk acti-it) is carried out

<*ere Per+it& needed

!onfined spaces 'lectricit) Hot work !old work

Lone <or.er Ha-ard& to :e con&idered

Work location T)pe of work The e:uipment @anual handling Se9 of the worker 'mergenc) facilities %ack of Training %ack of Super-ision %imited communication

Precaution& ,or lone 'or.er&

Information on haBards Training to deal with haBards 4egular contact Super-isors regularl) -isiting Automatic warning de-ices !heck the worker has returned home ##' 'mergenc) action if worker becomes ill

ELEMENT HA!ARDS & CONTROL ASSOCIATED WITH WORK E"UIPMENT

Mec*anical Ha-ard&
EN tanglement T raps Shearing, drawing in, crushing I mpact C ontact Griction, abrasion, cutting and stabbing, puncture E *ection

"e+e+:er! ENTICE

,echanical Ha-ar'(% $.tan/lement

ENtan le+ent! !lothing, Hair, Ieweller) getting wrapped around machiner)

,echanical Ha-ar'(% 0rap(

Trap& in(ol(e!

S*earin In runnin nip& Dra'in in

Cru&*in

,echanical Ha-ar'(% Impact

,echanical Ha-ar'(% ContactContact InCurie&!

;urns %acerations LtearM Abrasions #uncture wounds !uts

,echanical Ha-ar'(% $1ection

A2ra(i e 3heel Mac*iner0(4rin'(tone) Mec*anical Ha-ard&

Trappin ECection

Entan le+ent

Contact

,echanical Ha-ar'( Dra5in/-In

Dra'in in

Cru&*in

Entan le+e nt

S*earin

6@ Non#+ec*anical Mac*iner0 *a-ard&!

@anual Handling & %ifting 'lectricit) D Gire D '9plosion $oise D Hibration High D %ow temperature 6usts D Gumes D @ists ;iological1 bacteria, -irusN etc 4adiation1 ioniBingDnon&ioniBing #s)cho&somatic effects 'rgonomics

O,,ice +ac*iner0! # P*otocopier and S*redder Co++on *a-ard&

'lectrical 'rgonomic $oise Stabilit) of machine

Ot*er Ha-ard&
P*otocopier 6rawing in Trap between mo-ing parts !hemicals "ltra -iolet light Docu+ent &*redder 6rawing in to cutters !ontact with cutters 6ust

Mac*iner0 Hierarc*0 o, Control&

J Gi9ed guards J ther guards or protection de-ices J #rotecti-e de-ices LIigs, Holders, #ush SticksM J Information, Instruction, Training and Super-ision Fi/ed Guard&!# A p*0&ical :arrier not connected to +ac*ine control& '*ic* *a& no +o(in part& and reBuire& a tool to re+o(e it Fi/ed Guard&
Ad(anta e& @inimal maintenance nl) defeated b) deliberate act nl) -isual inspection @a) protect against other haBards e.g. noise, dust, e*ection of materials Di&ad(anta e& $ot linked to machine controls $o protection when remo-ed Access to dangerous parts when remo-ed @ore difficult to remo-e not practical when fre:uent access re:uired Tends to be left unfi9ed when fre:uent access re:uired @a) hamper -isibilit)

Interloc. Guard!# Lin.ed to t*e +ac*ine control& &o t*at '*en t*e +ac*ine i& in a dan erou& condition t*e uard cannot :e opened or openin t*e uard cau&e& t*e +ac*ine to :eco+e &a,e Interloc. Guard Ad(anta e& Allow safe access for feeding materials !on-enient to use %ess likel) to be deliberatel) defeated Speeds up operations

Di&ad(anta e& Increase the comple9it) of the machine 6ifficult to test and maintain @a) need a brake or time dela) !omponents could fail in ser-ice 4egular maintenance re:uired @a) not fail to safet)

MOVIE TI ME

ELEMENT 5 TRANSPORT SAFETY

t*e +ain *a-ard& a&&ociated 'it* li,t truc. operation& are!

-erturning -erloading %oss of load !ollision with people and ob*ects @achine failure Galling from loading ba)s '9plosions and fire K fuel leaksDbatter) chargingDelectrical arcing '9haust fume emission #assengers Inappropriate parking K blocking entrancesDe9its @anual handling K ad*usting forksDchanging batteries Hibration K tra-elling o-er une-en ground $oise Silent running

;EHICLE OPE"ATIONS
%ack of Training, 6ri-ing training, Information, Instructions & super-ision. #assage wa)s are too narrow, too steep, slipper), une-enN etc. #lace of work: #oor lighting, dust, noiseN etc. Hehicles o-erloaded, load unbalanced or unsecuredN etc. #oor or no road markings, no barriers or clear safet) signs, lack of warnings sound s)stems.

SAFE ;EHICLE OPE"ATIONS

Suita:le 1 Su,,icient Risk Assessment) Follo' Hierarc*0 o, appropriate control&D Sa"e place! E(en round&) clear pa&&a e'a0&) Mar.in &) Tra,,ic &i n&) (i&ion aid& AdeBuate &pace ,or re(er&in ) loadin 1 unloadin (e*icle&A Clear separation bet een pedestrians # vehicles$ passages) cone&) :arrier&) enou * li *tin ) clear +ar.ed 1 'ell lit par.in area&D Sa"e %erson! &raining) De,en&i(e dri(in trainin ) re,re&*er trainin ) Clear in&truction& 1 in,or+ation) competent driversA Licen&ed) po&iti(e attitude) e/periencedE etcD

7F

FO"%LIFT SAFETY
FO"%LIFT HA$A"DS!
-erturning1 une-en dri-e wa)s, sudden braking, wheels hitting an obstructionN etc. -erloading1 e9ceeding the SW%, insecure & unbalanced load.

!ollisions & striking pedestrians Lunaware of the silent operating electrical truckM ;atter) charging1 fire & e9plosion. %ack of dri-er training, information, e9perience & super-ision. %ifting humans.

<*0 can truc.& o(erturn

J J J J J J J J J Tra-elling on gradients that are too steep Tra-elling forwards when descending slopes -erloaded or une-enl) loaded Tra-elling o-er soft or une-en ground Tra-elling o-er slipper) surfaces Tra-elling too fast Striking kerbs or other edges $ot suitable for the task !arr)ing loads at a dangerous heights

To a(oid o(erturnin oppo&ite o, a:o(e

Par.in o, ,or. truc.&

J J J J J J J J J J J J J J #ut in neutral #ut on handbrake Switch off engine 4emo-e ke) 3i-e ke) to appropriate person Gorks on floor @ast slightl) forward #arked in suitable location $o blocking of e9its H)drogen gas released during batter) charging 'lectricit) problems @anual handling of li:uids !orrosi-e acids The) are :uiet

Additional *a-ard& o, electric ,or. truc.&

J Suitable age J @edical e9amination J 4outine medical checks at regular inter-als J Assessment after prolonged absences J !apable of Training J 4efresher training Sa,et0 o, pede&trian& in (e*icle +o(in area& J Segregation J Suitable parking areas J A-oid re-ersing if possible J ne&wa) s)stems J A-oid sharp or blind bends J Sufficientl) wide entrances and gatewa)s J Hision aids J Speed limits J Signallers L;anksmenM J #rotection from fumes J #rotection from materials falling off

!4A$'S & H ISTS HA5A46S

-er turning, -er loading & poor slinging. Insecure & unbalanced load1 falling load. !ollision with o-erhead structure, striking a pedestrianN etc. perator0s error, lack of training & competence.

%ack of maintenance, 4egular inspection & reporting.

Sa,e u&e o, Crane&

J J J J J J J J J J J J J Suitable crane Suitable ground conditions "se of outriggers A-oidance of obstructions !are near o-erhead power lines 6esignated and protected area Suitable and tested lifting tackle !orrect slinging techni:ue !ompetent personnel %oad near ground if tra-elling 3ood -isibilit) 3ood communications Suitable storage for fuels etc

ELEMENT # HA!ARDS & CONTROL ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTRICITY

Ba&ic Circuitr0
Glow of current needs a closed circuit e.g. electrical lamp & batter) *oined together b) a conductor.

Main Ha-ard& a&&ociated 'it* Electricit0

;urns Shock Arcing Gire '9plosions

MAIN HA$A"DS OF ELECT"ICITY

ELECT"IC SHOC%! ccurs when the bod) becomes part of the electrical circuit1 the current enters the bod) at one point and must lea-e at another. The effect of an electric shock on a human bod) depends on : !urrent and -oltage

4esistance

#ath through bod) 6uration of shock.

Secondar0 E,,ect& o, Electricit0

J J J J J Galls from height "nintentional mo-ement of machine 6e&acti-ation of control measures %oss of information Throw off

EFFECTS OF ELECT"IC SHOC% ON HUMAN BODY

ST # TH' H'A4T ;"4$ TH' SEI$ % SS G @"S!%' ! $T4 % ST # ;4'ATHI$3 $'4H "S SFST'@ 'GG'!TS

OTHE" ELECT"ICAL HA$A"DS

'%'!T4I!A% ;"4$S '%'!T4I!A% GI4'S & 'P#% SI $S # 4TA;%' '%'!T4I!A% 'Q"I#@'$T S'! $6A4F HA5A46S: 6IS!"SS WITH 'PA@#%'S

CONT"OL MEASU"ES FO" ELECT"ICAL HA$"ADS

1. S'%'!TI $ & S"ITA;I%ITF G 'Q"I#@'$T 2. I$S#'!TI $ & @AI$T'$A$!' ST4AT'3I'S +. "S' G #4 T'!TIH' SFST'@S

J ;atter) operated J !hecked before use J Suitable selected e:uipment J #roperl) maintained e:uipment T*e Lead!# J 'nsure not run o-er b) -ehicles J 6ragged o-er rough ser-ices J Trapped in machiner) J '9posed to hot surfaces or corrosi-e chemicals J !ontinuous fle9ing Goint&) Connection& and plu &!# J @akeshift temporar) connections J %eads getting pulled out J #oor made connections J Guse being replaced

Fu&e!# A 'ea. lin. de&i ned to +elt) :rea.in t*e circuit at e/ce&&i(e current& Circuit Brea.er&!# Electro+a netic de(ice '*ic* per,or+ t*e &a+e ,unction a& ,u&e& iDeD :rea. t*e circuit at e/ce&&i(e current alt*ou * &li *tl0 ,a&ter Eart*in !# Electricit0 'ill al'a0& tr0 reac* eart* and eart*in +ean& pro(idin a pat* to eart* lo'er t*an t*e *u+an :od0 I&olation!# T*e di&connection and &eparation o, t*e electrical eBuip+ent ,ro+ e(er0 &ource o, electrical eBuip+ent in &uc* a 'a0 t*at t*e di&connection and &eparation i& &ecure "educed (olta e &0&te+&!# B0 reducin t*e (olta e pre&ent &0&te+ t*e con&eBuence& o, electrical &*oc. can :e reatl0 reduced "e&idual Current De(ice& H"CD5!# It co+pare& t*e current ,lo'in into t*e &0&te+ 'it* t*e current ,lo'in outD <*en t*e le(el di,,er& :0 a pre&et (alue t*e "CD 'ill open rapidl0 and interrupt t*e &uppl0 Dou:le In&ulation!# Co(erin li(e part& :0 t'o &eparated la0er& o, in&ulation

J !ables are correctl) routed J S)stem not o-erloaded J !orrect fuses J #lug properl) wired and gripped J !ompetent users J "sing reduced -oltage in wet conditions J "sing 4!6s O,,ice En(iron+ent& J Suitable e:uipment manufactured to appropriate standards J A-oid the use of trailing cables J A-oid multi&socket e9tensions J !ontrol pri-ate electrical e:uipment brought from home J 4eport defecti-e and damaged e:uipment

#recautions for electrical safet) in office en-ironments could include:

':uipment is of appro-ed standard e.g. ;SD'$ standard @aintenance of fi9ed electrical installations There is a means of isolation All connections, wiring free from damage !orrect fuses #lug correctl) wired A-oid o-erloading of outlets Switch off appliances when not in use @aintain good housekeeping around electrical e:uipment If re:uired portable appliance testing in date S)stem not o-erloaded !ables correctl) routed to a-oid haBards 4!6s used S)stem for reporting defects

MOVIE TI ME

ELEMENT $ FIRE SAFETY

BASIC P"INCIPLES OF FI"E

Met*od& o, E/tinction!
Cooling: reducing temperature e.g. use 9)gen: Guel: water Grom air, Glammable o9idiBing gases, li:uids, Smothering: reducing substances solids. 9)gen le-el e.g. use fire blanket Starving: limiting fuel e.g. switching off gas -al-e Ignition source: Chemical reaction: Hot surfaces 'lectrical ':uipment DStatic interrupt combustion electricit) reaction
$aked flame D Smoking materials

CLASSIFICATION OF FI"ES
J Cla&& A! Solid +aterial&A ru::er) paper) 'ood) pla&tic&) ,urnitureE etcD Can :e e/tin ui&*ed :0 <ater J Cla&& B! %i:uids e.g. methanol, petrol, etc1 "se dr) powder J Cla&& C! 3ases1 butane or propane. !an be e9tinguished using foam or dr) powder. J Cla&& D! @etals1 Aluminum or @agnesium. !an be e9tinguished b) special dr) powder. '%'!T4I!A% GI4'S1 use carbon dio9ide or dr) powder J Cla&& F J High temperature cooking oils & fats

SOU"CES OF IGNITION
The following are possible sources of ignition to start a fire: $aked flames 'lectricit) Lo-erheatingDarcingM Smoking materials Hot work Lwelding, burningM !hemical reactions Lgi-ing off heatM Heating appliances Lhot surfacesM Griction Linade:uate lubricationM Static electricit) %ightning Improper storage of flammable materials %ack of inspection and super-ision

METHODS OF HEAT T"ANSMISSION

! $H'!TI $ ! $6"!TI $ 4A6IATI $ 6I4'!T ;"4$I$3

FI"E "IS% ASSESSMENT

1. I6'$TIGF GI4' HA5A46S 2. I6'$TIGF % !ATI $S & #'4S $S AT SI3$IGI!A$T 4ISE +. 'HA%"AT' TH' 4ISE /. 6'!I6' $ ! $T4 % @'AS"4'S 2. 4'! 46 F "4 GI$6I$3S ?. 4'HI'W ASS'SS@'$T 4'3"%A4%F

Control Mea&ure& to +ini+i-e t*e "i&. o, Fire in a <or.place

Elimination or reduction o" "lammable & combustible materials stored or used in the workplace1 minimiBe purchase to minimum :uantities needed. #ontrol sources of ignition$ $o smoking polic), inspection & safe use of electrical appliances, welding onl) in designated fenced out areasN etc 'mplement Sa"e S(stem o" )ork: welding work permit, high -oltage work permit with all precautions & controls neededN etc *ood house +eeping, is !rucial in pre-enting fires, alwa)s clean up wastes, non used solid materials & clean up spills of dangerous substances.

Structural +ea&ure& to pre(ent t*e &pread o, ,ire 1 &+o.e!

"se fire walls & blast walls. "se non&combustible automatic dampers fitted in ducts. Holes & -oids in fire resisting walls should be filled in with fire resisting material to pre-ent passage of heat, smoke or flame. "se compartments1 to pre-ent spread of fire & smoke. @ake sure the fire detection & sprinklers s)stem is considered in design phase Lbuilt inM.

Fire detection 1 'arnin !

!ommerciall) a-ailable Heat or Smoke detectors can be used. Smoke alarms & shouted warnings might be enough in small workplaces. Hand operated de-ices1 sirens, bellsN etc1 should be installed near e9its & clearl) audible throughout the workplace. 'lectricall) operated fire alarm can be used Automatic fire detection should be considered, linked into an electrical fire alarm s)stem 3as detectors can be used e.g. natural gas detectors with alarms.

E+er enc0 E(acuation procedure&A 'ach workplace should ha-e an emergenc) plan 7emplo)er0s responsibilit)8) it should include:
The action to be taken b) staff in the e-ent of fire. The e-acuation procedure The arrangements for calling the fire brigade Girst stage fire fighting b) emplo)ees

Fire Mar&*al&A a senior member of the staff should be appointed as departmental fire marshals LwardensM, with consideration of absences, their duties are to ensure that:
Alarm has been raised Whole dept. has been e-acuated Gire brigade has been called Gire doors are closed #lant shut down where-er appropriate 4oll call is carried out at the assembl) point & the result reported to senior manager.

G"OUP ACTI;ITY
6IS!"SS TH' ! @@ $ !A"S'S & ! $S'Q"'$!'S G GI4' I$ TH' W 4E#%A!'

SAFE STO"AGE 1 USE OF FLAMMABLE LIIUIDS

Well -entilated, dr) & cool place. !lear warning signs & barriers $o sources of ignition
!onstruction to be fire resistant Awa) from heat & direct sunlight

Segregate1 incompatible chemicals #ro-ided with fire fighting s)stems & e9tinguishers do not mi9

PO"TABLE FI"E FIGHTING EIUIPMENT

F%& '()*(+ & E',-.&(-/' F(&,0 M*'.(5*&5%0, ,6.(17*(08,& .% 9, *0,+ %1 C'/00 B :(&,0 F%& *0, %1 '()*(+ :(&,0< D% N%. *0, %1 ,',-.&(-/' %& ;,./' :(&,0 F%& 3%%+= 5/5,&= .,6.(', & 0%'(+ ;/.,&(/' :(&,0< D% N%. *0, %1 ;,./'= '()*(+ %& ,',-.&(-/' :(&,0 F%& '()*(+ & E',-.&(-/' :(&,0< D% N%. *0, %1 ;,./'< >-/1 9, ?,&2 -%'+ :&%0. 9(., @ 5%(0%1%*0A F%& 8(78 .,;5,&/.*&, -%%B(17 %('0< S./1+/&+ D&2 P%3+,& 4 M*'.( 5*&5%0, D&2 P%3+,& A)*,%*0 F('; F%&;(17 F%/; F%/; W/.,&

C/&9%1 D(%6(+, CO2

W,. C8,;(-/'

MEANS OF ESCAPE
J+hould open in the direction of travel D%%&0 & be fire resistant. J+hould not re.uire any intelligence or e-tra force to open & should be self closing. J8ever obstructed. 8eed to be short & lead people directly to a place of safety9 open air6 area of no imminent danger. J'scalators & spiral stairways are not to be used for emergency evacuations J4ust be clearly marked & known by all occupants J4ust be in a safe are free of any imminent danger. J3 complete list of the names of all staff should be maintained by the fire 4arshal to make a roll call on evacuation. E0-/5, R%*.,0

S./(&0 A00,;9'2 P%(1.0 & R%'' C/''

EME"GENCY A""ANGEMENTS
'@'43'$!F 'HA!"ATI $ #4 !'6"4'S GI4' @A4SHA%S T'STI$3, 64I%% & T4AI$I$3 #4 HISI $ G 4 TH' 6ISA;%'6

MOVIE TI ME

ELEMENT C HA!ARDS & CONTROL ASSOCIATED WITH MANUAL HANDLING AND REPETITIVE MOVEMENT

MANUAL HANDLING
C@anual handlingC is the mo-ement of a load b) human effort alone1 trans%orting or su%%orting loads directly or indirectly using bodily force. Co++on Manual Handlin Ha-ard&! Too Hea-) loads & #oor posture during lifting. 6ropping load. Sharp edged or hot loads.

MANUAL HANDLING INGU"IES

Mu&cular Sprain& 1 Strain&D Bac. inCurie&A cu+ulati(e inCurie& re&ultin in prolap&ed inter (erte:ral di&c&D Fracture& 1 Hernia&D Cut&) :rui&e& 1 a:ra&ion&D <or. "elated Upper Li+: Di&order& H<"ULDS5A 'ide ran e o, +u&culo&.eletal di&order&D

MANUAL HANDLING ASSESSMENT

4D LOADA hea-), difficult to grasp, hot, cold, fragileN etc 6D INDI;IDUAL! capabilit), strength, fitness, trainingN etc 7D TAS%A fre:uenc), stretching, pushing, pullingN etc 8D EN;I"ONMENT! lighting, slipper) floors, une-en groundN etc 4emember %IT'
WA4'H "S'

Practical Mea&ure& to A(oid Manual Handlin InCurie&

A-oid @anual Handling 4isk 4eduction Automation & mechanisation Team handling Training Smaller, lighter load Selection Hindi(idual and +ec*anical aid5 3ood 'n-ironment H&pacin A ,loorin A te+pA li *t5

P*0&ical and p&0c*olo ical *a-ard&

Er ono+ic&
The stud) of the relationship between workers and their en-ironment, work e:uipment and work task. Work 4elated "pper %imb 6isorders LW4"%6sM

Cau&e& o, <"ULD&
J J J J J J J J J 4epetiti-e finger, hand or arm mo-ements Twisting mo-ements S:ueeBing Hammering #ushing, pulling or reaching mo-ements $umbness in fingers #ains in hands or arms 4estriction of *oint mo-ement Soft tissue swelling

S0+pto+&

Factor& to :e con&idered durin ri&. a&&e&&+ent

J J J J J J Gorce e9erted Gre:uenc) and duration of operation 4epetition of mo-ement without rest or reco-er) #osture !onstraints on space 'n-ironment

I+pro(e a:o(e plu&!#

J @echanise task J "se correct tools and e:uipment

MOVIE TI ME

ELEMENT D HA!ARDS & CONTROL ASSOCIATED WITH HA!ARDOUS SUBSTANCES

FO"MS OF CHEMICAL AGENTS

6"STS G"@'S 3AS'S @ISTS HA# 4S %IQ"I6S S@ E'

FO"MS OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

;A!T'4IA HI4"S G"$3I #A4ASIT'S

"oute& o, entr0 in t*e :od0 J Inhalation J Ingestion J Absorption J 6irect entr) J In*ection

Acute e,,ect&!# Ad(er&e *ealt* e,,ect& re&ultin ,ro+ &in le or &*ort ter+ e/po&ure '*ic* i& u&uall0 re(er&i:le eD D Alco*ol C*ronic!# Ad(er&e *ealt* ter+ e,,ect& re&ultin ,ro+ prolon ed or repeated e/po&ure leadin to a radual o,ten irre(er&i:le e,,ect& eD D li(er di&ea&e cau&ed :0 Alco*ol

Cla&&i,ication o, Ha-ardou& Su:&tance&

Irritant!# Non#corro&i(e &u:&tance& '*ic* t*rou *
i++ediate) prolon ed or repeated contact 'it* &.in or +ucou& +e+:rane +a0 cau&e in,la++ation eD D Petrol

Corro&i(e!# Su:&tance& '*ic* on contact 'it* li(in ti&&ue

+a0 de&tro0 it :0 :urnin eD D acid&

Har+,ul!# Su:&tance& '*ic* i, &'allo'ed) in*aled or

penetrate t*e &.in +a0 cau&e da+a e to *ealt*

;er0 To/ic!# A poi&onou& &u:&tance '*ic* in lo'

Buantitie& +a0 cau&e deat*) acute or c*ronic da+a e to *ealt*

To/ic!# A poi&onou& &u:&tance '*ic* in lo' Buantitie& +a0

cau&e deat*) acute or c*ronic da+a e to *ealt*

Carcino enic!# Su:&tance& '*ic* cau&e di&order& to cell

ro't* t*at +a0 lead to cancer

In,or+ation on Manu,acturer& Sa,et0 data &*eet&

J J J J J J J J J J Identification of the substance @anufacturers information !omposition of the ingredients Girst&aid precautions Gire&fighting measures Handling and storage ##' 6isposal considerations Transport information 4egulator) information

Gra: Sa+pler HC*e+ical &tain detector tu:e5 Dra' it

Ad(anta e& %ow cost Takes little time Immediate result %ittle training Information during spillage 3ood for coarse indication Di&ad(anta e& Inaccurate #ositioning of tube nl) a snap shot Inefficient !hemical use onl) Substance specific

Ha-ardou& &u:&tance ri&. a&&e&&+ent 3 &tep& a& nor+al

Control o, *ealt* *a-ard& Eli+inate "educe :0 &u:&titution I&olate!# J Total 'nclosure J Segregate the people Control J 'ngineering !ontrol L%'HM J @aintenance of controls J !hange the work pattern or method J H)giene and housekeeping PPE Di&cipline

E+er enc0 control& ,or &pilla e) air pollution etcD

J J J J J J J J Hentilation s)stems alarmed ##' 'mergenc) showers, e)e wash facilities ;ooms, sawdust, spillage procedures '-acuation procedures Isolation of the area '-acuation of the emplo)ees at risk ##' for staff in-ol-ed in clear up

Du&t Identi,ication
J J J J Hisual signs of dust 6ust lamps Static or personal sampling Health sur-eillance

Control +ea&ure& ,or du&t

J J J J J J J J J 'limination Substitution e.g. pellets instead of powders 'nclosure of the process %ocal e9haust -entilation Hacuuming instead of sweeping 6amping down %imiting time of e9posure %imiting numbers e9posed 4espirator) protecti-e e:uipment

The four main classifications of occupational health haBards are:

4D P*0&ical! @achiner), 'lectricit), Heat, $oise 6D C*e+ical! Acids, Alkalis, Asbestos 7D Biolo ical! HIH Hirus, %egionella, ;acteria 8D Er ono+ic! #osture problems, Gatigue

!ontrol measures to control biological haBards should be:

Cleanin = di&in,ection <ater treat+ent pro ra++e& ;er+in control Procedure& ,or *andlin ) contain+ent and di&po&al Per&onal *0 iene iDeD co(er 'ound& I++uni&ation Healt* &ur(eillance Speci,ic trainin Per&onal Protecti(e EBuip+ent

<a&te Stora e
J J J J J J J J J Sufficient storage area !learl) the label the storage area 'nsure storage area secure #rotect storage area with bunds etc. Store different t)pes of waste separatel) $e-er store incompatible waste together Select appropriate containers Eeep :uantities of waste to a minimum #rotect waste from the elements

Du&t&
Solid particles suspended in the air for a period of time. SiBe ranges from =.1Rm LfineM to 1==Rm LcoarseM. #roduced b) mechanical process e.g. grinding, or b) construction process e.g. demolition, or other specific tasks e.g. cotton or wood work

Respirable dust: fine dusts that penetrate deep into the

lungs & sta) there Lin rare cases enters the blood streamM e.g. !ement & Silica

'nhalable dust: capable of entering nose & mouth during

breathing, without reaching lower le-els of respirator) s)stem.

Fu+e&
Gormed when a material from a -olatiliBed solid condenses in cool air. "suall) e9tremel) fine S1.=Rm e.g. welding & soldering fumes.

Ga&e&
Gormless fluids which e9pand to occup) the space in which the)0re confined e.g. !arbon @ono9ide, H)drogen SulphideN etc

Mi&t&
Suspended li:uid droplets generated b) condensation of li:uids from the -apor back to the li:uid state or b) breaking up li:uid into dispersed state e.g. paint spra)ing mist LatomiBationM.

;apor&
Holatile forms of substance that are normall) in the solid or li:uid state at room temperature & pressure e.g. sol-ents used in degreasing Ltoluene, acetoneN etcM.

LiBuid&
Gluids that e9ist normall) at temperature between boiling & freeBing.

S+o.e
Aerosol of solid or li:uid particles, S=.1Rm in siBe, resulting from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials e.g. !arbon particles.

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES HA$A"DOUS TO HEALTH

T PI! ! 44 SIH' 4 !A4!I$ 3'$I! 4 HA4@G"%

DISCUSS ACUTE 1 CH"ONIC HEALTH EFFECTS

G"OUP ACTI;ITY
6IS!"SS TH' '$T4F 4 "T'S G HA5A46 "S S";STA$!'S T TH' H"@A$ ; 6F & TH' 6'G'$S' @'!HA$IS@S

SOU"CES OF INFO"MATION
%A;'%S I$H'$T 4F @AT'4IA% SAG'TF 6ATA SH''T T4A6' ASS !IATI $ #";%I!ATI $S TH' I$T'4$'T
@AT'4IA% SAG'TF 6ATA SH''T

TO9ICOLOGY
De,inition!
The stud) of how different materials will affect the human bod). The effect that a substance will ha-e on the bod) will depend on a number of factors:

The routes of entr) are:

In*alation In e&tion A:&orption InCection

E+er enc0 Procedure&

The emergenc) procedure should include: Girst aid facilities 4ele-ant safet) drills Suitable warning de-ices Suitable training of staff ##' 'mergenc) showers and e)e&wash facilities Spillage and leakage procedures '-acuation procedures Warnings to other people

PE"SONAL P"OTECTI;E EIUIPMENT

H'A6 #4 T'!TI $ HA$6 #4 T'!TI $ G''T #4 T'!TI $

'F' #4 T'!TI $

LAST "ESO"T

Air Pollution!
utdoors1 machiner) & industr) emissions & smoking. Indoors1 heating s)stems & spra)sN etc @ainl) b) emissions1 carbon mono9ide, sulphur dio9ide, nitrogen dio9ide & leadN etc %eads to Acid rain & global warming Ha-e serious Health effects on human beings

<ater Pollution!
#ollution of ri-ers & other water sources can ha-e serious effects on the health of li-ing organisms. %eakage from industrial soak awa) or chemical factories. Sewer discharge & oil spill contaminating underground water Water samples should be taken from water sources & sewers. @S6S to ad-ise on proper disposal of different haBardous substances

<a&te Mana e+ent Hierarc*0!

%revention: b) changing the process so that the waste is not produced. Reduction: impro-ing the efficienc) of the process Reuse: b) rec)cling the waste back into the process Recover(: releasing energ) through the combustion or rec)cling of waste. Responsible disposal: disposal in accordance with regulator) re:uirements & ne&er mi' different ty%es of hazardous wastes.

G"OUP ACTI;ITY
6IS!"SS TH' '$HI4 $@'$TA% ISS"'S: AI4, WAT'4 & %A$6 # %%"TI $ & WAST' @A$A3'@'$T #%A$S

MOVIE TI ME

ELEMENT 1E HA!ARDS & CONTROL ASSOCIATED WITH THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT

Di&pla0 Screen EBuip+ent HDSE&5 Healt* e,,ect&

J J J J J J J J J J J J J J "pper limb pains and discomfort ')e and e)esight effects 'pileps) 4adiation effects on pregnant women Gatigue and stress Ade:uate lighting @inimum noise Ample legroom Suitable screen at e)e le-el Suitable softwear Ee)board Work surface Suitable work chair Gootrest if necessar)

<or.&tation reBuire+ent&

Healt* e,,ect& o, re+ainin &eated ,or a lon ti+e

J Hertebral and muscular damage J High blood pressure J !irculation problems

Suita:le Seat ,or &edentar0 'or.er&

J J J J J J 3ood lumbar support 3ood width and depth Abilit) to ad*ust seat back and height Stable base Abilit) to swi-el #ro-ision of arm rests

<ELFA"E 1 <O"% EN;I"ONMENT

Sanitar) !on-eniences & Washing Gacilities 6rinking Water Accommodation for clothing & changing clothes Gacilities for rest & eating meals Hentilation T'@#'4AT"4' & %I3HTI$3

Sanitar0 Con(enience& 1 <a&*in Facilitie&

@ust be pro-ided together & in a proportion to the siBe of workforce. Special pro-ision should be made for disabled workers There should be separate facilities for men & women Suppl) of warm water, soap & towels must be pro-ided. Gacilities to be well lit, -entilated & walls & floors eas) to clean

Drin.in <ater @ust be readil) accessible to all workforce Suppl) must be ade:uate

Acco++odation ,or clot*in 1 c*an in clot*e&

@ust be pro-ided, clean, well lit, -entilated, dr) & secure Where ##' is re:uired, arrangement are to be made that workers0 own clothing is not contaminated b) haBardous substances

Facilitie& ,or re&t 1 eatin +eal&

@ust be pro-ided in areas where ##' not re:uired $o Smoking Gacilities should be pro-ided for pregnantDnursing females to rest Arrangements to ensure food & be-erage not contaminated b) haBardous substances.

;entilation
Should be effecti-e & sufficient & free from an) impurities Air inlets to be sited free from an) potential contaminants 'nsure workers are free from uncomfortable draughts 'nsure continuous fresh air flow "se %'H or 6ilute Hentilation if re:uired

Heatin 1 Te+perature
'nsure reasonable temperatures in all workplaces during working hours Air conditions to be used where possible A! to be regularl) inspected & maintained #ro-ide thermometers to indicate room temperature #ro-ide suitable ##' where A! is not ade:uate e.g. on entering big restaurants0 cold stores

Li *tin
#oor lighting increases the risk of accidents e.g. slips, trips & falls. #ro-ision of sufficient & suitable lighting1 shall be natural light if possible #ro-ision of sufficient emergenc) lighting in all rooms, kitchens, rest rooms & emergenc) routes !onsider using blinds on windows in cases of reflecti-e screen glare Windows & sk)lights to be kept clean & free from obstruction

Factor& to con&ider '*en a&&e&&in adeBuac0 o, li *tin

J J J J J J J J J J J J The tasks being undertaking The siBe and la)out of the work area The e:uipment used A-ailabilit) of natural light Shift timesDwork patterns Suitable number of artificial light !ontrast le-els 3lare Areas in shadow $eed for localised lighting @aintenance of lighting Ade:uate emergenc) lighting

Seatin 1 <or.&tation&
Sitting for prolonged periods can cause health risks1 blood circulation problems & @S6LsM Workstations to be arranged so that work is done safel) & comfortabl) Workstations to be arranged to allow safe e-acuation in cases of emergenc) Work surface should be at comfortable height to the worker1 a-oid bending & stretching Workers should not stand for prolonged periods on solid floor. 4efer to control measures of 6S'

HA$A"DS TO PEDEST"IANS
Slip&! 6ue to reduced friction between feet & walking surface1 wet or dusty floors( s%ill( ice( Trip&! loss of balance if foot is stopped suddenl) while bod) continues in motion1 loose car%ets( floor holes.

HA$A"DS TO PEDEST"IANS
Fall& ,ro+ a Hei *t! 2AT of all reported *ob fatalities is caused b) falling from a height1 roof( ladder( scaffold( floor o%enings( unguarded %latforms o&er ) meters feet high* etc. Colli&ion 'it* +o(in (e*icle&! Happens either inside the workplace or on the access road around it during commute1 %oor lighting( o&er s%eeding of &ehicles( no clear se%aration between %edestrians & &ehicles( lack of warning signs & barriers* etc.

HA$A"DS TO PEDEST"IANS
Bein &truc. :0 +o(in ) ,allin or ,l0in o:Cect&! mo&ing %arts of machinery( flying objects are often generated by the disintegration of mo&ing %arts( falling objects are common in construction sites* etc. Stri.in a ain&t ,i/ed or &tationar0 o:Cect&! colliding against a part of a building, opened drawer, l)ing ob*ect on the floorN etc.

Control Strate ie& ,or Pede&trian Ha-ard&

"i&. A&&e&&+ent i& crucial to :e done ,or all 'or. acti(itie& & controls will be set according to the risk le-el & following the -ierarch( o" control:
'liminate haBards1 good house kee%ing, keeping a safe %lace of work, cleaning aisles & passage wa)s, consider slip resistant surfaces. Gollow a Safe System of !ork & issue Work #ermit. 'nsure a safe %lace of work in the design %hase if possible. Adopt & mark designated walkwa)s. 'nsure proper +raining( ,nformation( !ork ,nstructions & su%er&ision at all times. 'nsure proper - is worn at all times. Suitable maintenance systems, .e%orting & procedures to follow up on correcti-e actions. !leaning of spills, use of signs while cleaning. Separation between designated &ehicle %assages & %edestrians b) means of marking, signs, barriersN etc. Work en-ironment1 lighting( &entilation( noise( dust* etc. 4egular ,ns%ections & ensure proper Safety Signs are in place. "se proper fall %rotection1 guard rails, Scaffolding, safe ladders, fall harnessN etc.

Hou&e.eepin
Ha-ar'( J Someone ould trip or fall J In reased risk of fire J 1ire e.its ould be blo ked J 2here is a risk of infe tion J (hemi als are being used J Infestation 3that allo$s breeding of rats4 o kroa hes4 et 5 J 6ehi le (ollisions J 1alling materials Precaution( J Identify housekeeping requirements J #esponsibilities for housekeeping J #esour es for good housekeeping J 2rain staff in use of equipment J #egular inspe tions

NOISE
Accepta:le 1 Unaccepta:le Le(el& o, Noi&e! These '9posure action & %imit Halues are: %ower '9posure Action %e-el: <= d; LAM D < hours D da) "pper '9posure Action %e-el: <2 d; LAM D < hours D da) '9posure %imit Halue: <> d; LAM D < hours D da)

Anato+0 o, t*e Ear

Outer ear

,i''le ear

Inner ear

Hearin Da+a e
Acute Stress Temporar) threshold shift Temporar) tinnitus ;last deafness C*ronic $oise induced hearing loss #ermanent threshold shift #ermanent tinnitus #reb)acusis

Noi&e Control
Source
J J J J J J J J 6esign 6amping Isolate @aintenance Screens and barriers 'nclosure Absorption Silencer

T*e Per&on
J 6istance J Time e9posed J Information and training

Pat*

"EIUI"EMENTS FO" NOISE CONT"OL

Assess the noise le-els & keep records. !onstantl) re-iew assessments 4educe risk from noise e9posure b) using engineering controls 4educe time of e9posure #ro-ide ade:uate Training, information & work instructions !onsult emplo)ees & representati-es on noise issues 'stablish hearing protection Bones1 marked b) signs & notices. 'ducate emplo)ees to see their doctor if the) feel an) hearing problems #ro-ide appropriate Hearing #rotection as needed

NOISE ENGINEE"ING CONT"OLS

"eduction o, Noi&e at &ource!
!hange the process or e:uipment !hange the speed of the machine Impro-e the maintenance regime e.g. regular lubrication

Attenuation o, Noi&e le(el&!

.rientation / relocation o" the e0uipment Enclosure Screens / Absorption 1amping 'solation o" the alls

orkers

Path o+ .oi(e pre ention 0echni)ue( Location

&o!e sour e a$ay from noise sensiti!e area $nclo(ure Surrounding the noise sour e $ith sound insulating material 3 are to be taken not to o!erheat ma hine5 Silencer( #edu ing noise from e.haust pipes et 0 using absorbent materials or baffles A2(orption Surrounding-obstru ting noise sour e $ith absorbent materials 3e0g0 foam5

Path o+ noi(e control Dampin/ techni)ue(

I(olation
*rote tion of persons from sound sour e by distan e or sound proofed rooms

#edu tion in stru ture borne noise by the use of rubber- ork4 springs et 0

La//in/
Insulation of pipes to redu e sound transmission

Screen(
' ousti s reens pla ed on the path

Hand#Ar+ ;i:ration
Healt* E,,ect&
Tingling in the hands and e9tremities $umbness and blanching of the fingers Swollen painful *oints 4eduction in manual de9terit) 4eduction in the sensation of touch Control Mea&ure& Eli+ination "educe t*e de ree o, (i:ration
Select low -ibration e:uipment Select ergonomicall) designed e:uipment @aintenance of e:uipment 4educe grip and push force with work e:uipment 4educe the time workers e9posed Introduce health sur-eillance 3lo-es and heated pads Information and training on the nature of risks

E9POSU"E TO E9T"EME TEMPE"ATU"E

E,,ect& o, e/tre+e *eat!
Heat e9haustion Heat Stroke Sun burns 6eh)dration Heat cramps !onfusion, nausea & -omiting '9amples: outdoor construction

E,,ect& o, E/tre+e Cold!

H)pothermia !hilblains Trench foot !old burn %oss of concentration & shi-ering

P"E;ENTI;E MEASU"E
A-oid working outdoors where possible !arr) out suitable & sufficient 4isk Assessment Hentilation s)stems Ade:uate training, information & super-ision !ontrol working en-ironment: heatingDcooling s)stems #re emplo)ment medical1 fit to work Alwa)s drink a lot of fluids Allow ade:uate acclimatiBation period 4educe time of e9posure1 *ob rotation "se proper ##'

ST"ESS
Stre&&! It is not a disease1 it is an emotional & ph)siological state of unbalance, which results when the demands of life e9ceed one0s coping capabilities

Stre&&
P*0&ical E,,ect& Headaches 6iBBiness Aching neck and shoulders Skin rashes #rone to infections #anic attacks 4aised heart rate Increased blood pressure Heart disease Stomach ulcers P&0c*olo ical e,,ect& Increased an9iet) 4educed concentration Irritabilit) Sudden mood changes Inabilit) to cope 4educed work output Increased use of alcohol, etc #oor sleep patterns

Cau&e& o, Stre&&!
Content o" the 2ob: work o-erload, work too eas), time pressure, deadlinesN etc )ork organi3ation: long working hours, shift work, non& consulted organiBational changes )orkplace culture: communication, in-ol-ement in decision making, feedback, supportN etc Environment: noise, temperature, lighting, ergonomics )ork role: conflict of interest, clarit) of role -ome4 ork inter"ace: transportation problem, childcare issues, relocation Relationships: bull)ing, harassment, -erbal & ph)sical abuse

Ill#*ealt* e,,ect& o, &tre&&! Increased irritabilit) & sleep difficulties Increased intake of drugs, cigarettes & alcohol 6igesti-e s)stem disorders !irculator) s)stem disorders e.g. high blood pressure 6ecreased immunit) & increased susceptibilit) to infection An9iet) & depression @S6 LsM, fatigue & chronic headache

Stre&& Control! Identif) stressors & Assess the risk Impro-e ergonomics & working en-ironment Interpersonal communication skills training Stress awareness & Time management & time off work if needed #ro-ide achie-able demands A-oid o-erloading the emplo)ees !onsult on organiBational change

;iolence at 'or.!
An) incident in which a person is abused, threatened, or assaulted in circumstances relating to work, whether b) other emplo)ees or others1 -erbal abuse or threats as well as ph)sical abuse.

Occupation& at ri&.
J J J J J Ta9i dri-ers Hospitals Schools !ash transactions 6eli-er)Dcollection of mone)

Control +ea&ure&
J J J J J J Training and information The en-ironment 6esign of the *ob !ommunication %one working 4eporting and recording incidents

Group& at "i&.! Cau&e&! Healthcare D social 4obber) & those care pro-iders seeking immediate 6eli-ering D collecting attention ser-ices 6issatisfaction with the Authorit) treatmentDser-ice representati-es recei-ed 'ducation pro-iders ;ull)ing & harassment Transact cash or Terrorism is now -aluables included Ticketing public transportation

Control Strate 0!
/ssess the risk( record & re&iew assessment Organizations to enforce zero tolerance &iolence %olicy /&oid using cash; use credit cards Means of communication$ cell %hones( alarms( radios* etc hysical barriers e.g. fences( bullet %roof booths for ticketing 0se close circuit tele&ision cameras ##+1 Strict security measures e.g. ,2( finger %rint access( no &isitors* etc /&oid lone working & night working ro&ide ade3uate training & information; negotiation skills( stress management* etc .e%ort( in&estigate & record all incidents of aggression

Alco*ol 1 Dru & e,,ect& on OHS

Increased accidents 4slower refle'es5 Increased 'rrors 4im%aired %erce%tion5 Increased complaints 4easily irritated5 Increased absenteeism 4hang o&er5 #oor time keeping 4im%aired judgment5 6ecreased producti-it) 4Stress related5 Ad-erse health effects1 li-er damage, coronar) heart disease, high blood pressure, ps)chological problemsN etc

Control Strate 0!
Assess the risk & the siBe of the problem Ha-e a Substance Abuse #olic) in place #ro-ide information & raise the awareness 4emo-e work stressors & pro-ide stress management ffer help for emplo)ees who ha-e drinking problems @aintain confidentialit) of cases with alcohol or drug problems Screening tests1 pre emplo)ment & after incidents 5ever use controlled or uncontrolled medication without the doctors permission Lsome o-er the counter medication causes drowsinessM Implement disciplinar) actions 4eport, record & in-estigate cases of alcoholDdrug abuse without disclosing an) personal information LconfidentialM

NIGHT#SHIFT <O"%ING When considering night shift working the factors that need to be considered are: %ighting, heating, welfare & first&aid pro-ision The effects of fatigue & the increased likelihood of human error The number hours worked & the period allowed for reco-er) between shifts 3eneral well&being when normal routines are disrupted The le-el of super-ision pro-ided & access to specialist ad-ice if re:uired The possible increased risk of -iolent assault on the wa) to & from work

Fir&t#Aid!# aim is to preser-e life, pre-ent deterioration and promote reco-er)

A&&e&&+ent ,or ,ir&t#aid reBuire+ent&

The nature of the work and the siBe of the organisation #ast histor) and accident t)pe The nature and distribution of the workforce 4emoteness of site from emergenc) medical ser-ices The needs of tra-elling, remote or lone workers 'mplo)ees working on shared sites Absence of first aiders due to holida)s etc. !ompliance with legal re:uirements

G"OUP ACTI;ITY
6IS!"SS TH' !A"S'S, I@#A!T & ! $T4 % G HI %$'$!' & S";STA$!' A;"S' AT W 4E

MOVIE TI ME

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