LESSON 19: INCOMPLETE OR MISSING PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

Structure Section 3

Participial phrases generally occur after nouns. They are actually reduced (shortened) relative clauses. Present participles (which always end in ing) are used to reduce adjective clauses that contain active verbs.

* Minnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. (adjective clause with active verb)
* Minnesota, joining the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. (participial phrase with a present participle)

Most past participles end in -ed, but there are also many irregular forms. Past participles are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs. * William and Mary College, which was founded in 1693, is the second oldest university in the United States. (adjective clause with a passive verb)

* William and Mary College, founded in 1693, is the second oldest university in the United States. (participial phrase with a past participle)

Participial phrases can also come before the subject of a sentence. * Joining the Union in 1858, Minnesota became the thirty-second state. * Founded in 1693, William and Mary College is the second oldest university in the United States.

Directions: Choose the one option -(A), (B), (C), or (D)- that correctly completes the sentence, and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example. 1. Aerodynamics is the study of the forces ______ on an object as it moves through the atmosphere. ______ (A) acting ______ (B) act ______ (C) are acting ______ (D) acted

2. ______ for their strong fiber include flax and hemp. ______ (A) Plants are grown ______ (B) Plants grown ______ (C) Plants that grow ______ (D) To grow plants 3. ______, Jose Limon's dance troupe often toured abroad. ____(A) The u.s. State Department sponsored it ____(B) Sponsored by the U.S. State Department ____(C) The U.S. State Department, which sponsored it ____(D) The sponsorship of the U.S. State Department

4. Elfreth's AllJey in Philadelphia is the oldest residential street in the United States, with ______ from 1728. ______ (A) houses are dated ______ (B) the dates of the houses ______ (C) the dating of houses ______ (D) houses dating 5. In 1821 the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, was laid out in a design ______ after that of Washington, D.C. ______ (A) patterned ______ (B) was patterned ______ (C) a pattern ______ (D) that patterned

8. Barbara McClintock ______ for her discovery of the mobility of genetic elements. ______ (A) known ______ (B) who knows ______ (C) knowing ______ (D) is known 9. The solitary scientist ______ by himself has in many instances been replaced by a cooperative scientific team. ______ (A) to make important discoveries ______ (B) important discoveries were made ______ (C) has made important discoveries ______ (D) making important discoveries

6. ______ in front of a camera lens changes the color of the light that reaches the film. ______ (A) Placed a filter ______ (B) A filter is placed ______ (C) A filter placed ______ (D) When a filter placed 7. The Massachusetts State House, in ______ 1798, was the most distinguished building in the United States at that time. ______ (A) completing ______ (B) which was completed ______ (C) was completed ______ (D) to be completed

10. Geometry is the branch of mathematics ______ the properties of lines, curves, shapes, and surfaces. ______ (A) that concerned with ______ (B) it is concerned with ______ (C) concerned with ______ (D) its concerns are 11. ______ an average of 471 inches of rain a year, Mount Waialeale in Hawaii is the wettest spot in the world. ______ (A) It receives ______ (B) Receiving ______ (C) To receive ______ (D) Received

12. Amber is a hard, yellowish-brown ______ of years ago. ______ (A) substance formed ______ (B) to form a substance ______ (C) substance has formed ______ (D) forming a substance