Group IV Elements

Introduction
The Group IV elements

carbon
silicon germanium tin lead

Introduction
Carbon

dull black in the form of graphite

Introduction
Carbon

hard and transparent in the form of diamond

Introduction
Silicon and germanium dull grey or black

Si

Ge

Introduction
Tin and lead shiny grey

Sn
6

Pb

Introduction
The Group IV elements outermost shell electronic configuration of ns2np2
Element Carbon Electronic configuration [He] 2s22p2 2,4

Silicon
Germanium Tin
7

[Ne] 3s23p2
[Ar] 3d104s24p2 [Kr] 4d 105s25p2 [Xe] 4f 145d 106s26p2

2,8,4
2,8,18,4 2,8,18,18,4 2,8,18,32,18,4

Lead

Structure and Bonding

Moving down the group

carbon non-metal
silicon germanium tin lead
8

metalloids

metals

Structure and Bonding

Examples

carbon
silicon

germanium
grey tin (an allotrope of tin)

Allotropes are different structures of the same element

1. Carbon
two important allotropic forms

diamond and graphite

10

Structures of diamond
11

each carbon atom is bonded to four other C atoms

12

extremely hard and chemically inert

13

All electrons are localized non-conductor

14

Structure of graphite
15

Graphite
layered structure
Covalent bonds

van der Waals forces

16

The layers slide over each other easily

17

brittle and soft

Electrons between layers are delocalized

conducts electricity along the layers
18

2. Silicon and Germanium

network lattice

the atoms are covalently bonded to one another

19

3. Tin and Lead

Tin

two allotropes
white tin and grey tin
cold
heat

White tin

Grey tin

20

3. Tin and Lead

White tin

stable form
metallic lattice structure

21

atoms are held together by metallic bonding

conducts electricity shows the properties of a typical metal

3. Tin and Lead

Grey tin

network lattice structure

similar to that of diamond

White tin
more dense

cold
heat

Grey tin
less dense

White tin expands and crumbles on cooling

Napoleons retreat from Russia
22

3. Tin and Lead

Lead

typical metallic lattice

atoms are held together by metallic

bonding

23

Variation in Melting Point

on going down the group
C 3527C

Si
Ge

1414C
1211C

Sn
Pb
24

232C
327C

Variation in Melting Point

The very high m.p. of diamond is due to the strong C C bonds
C Si 3527C 1414C 1211C 232C 327C

Going from C to Ge

25

Ge Sn Pb

bond length bond strength melting point

Variation in Melting Point

Sn and Pb have exceptionally low m.p. because
1. metallic structures
C Si Ge Sn Pb 3527C 1414C 1211C 232C 327C

extent of bond breaking on melting is small

26

Variation in Boiling Point

The general trend and explanation similar to those for m.p.
C 4027C

Si

3265C

Ge 2833C
Sn Pb
27

2602C 1749C

Chlorides
Two series of chlorides formed by the Group IV elements

the dichlorides (MCl2)

the tetrachlorides (MCl4)

28

Chlorides
All Group IV elements form tetrachlorides liquids at room temperature and pressure
CCl4
SiCl4 GeCl4 SnCl4

all are simple covalent molecules with a tetrahedral shape

PbCl4

29

+ -

M Cl bonds are polar with ionic character Molecules as a whole are non-polar
30

Reactions with water

CCl4 + H2O no reaction
SiCl4 + H2O Si(OH)Cl3 + HCl

31

Cl

H O Cl Cl H Cl

Cl Si Cl H Cl O H

+ Si
Cl

Si in SiCl4 is more positively charged than C in CCl4 More susceptible to nucleophilic attack Si, unlike C, can expand its octet to accept an additional electron pair
32

Cl

H O Cl Cl H Cl

Cl Si Cl H Cl O H

+ Si
Cl

Cl Si Cl

Cl OH

HCl

H4SiO4, silicic acid

33

Reactions with water

CCl4 + H2O no reaction SiCl4 + H2O Si(OH)Cl3 + HCl

Si(OH)Cl3 + H2O Si(OH)2Cl2 + HCl

Si(OH)2Cl2 + H2O Si(OH)3Cl + HCl Si(OH)3Cl + H2O Si(OH)4 + HCl
H4SiO4, silicic acid

34

Chlorides
tendency to form dichlorides, MCl2 down the group all possess covalent character though they exist as crystalline solids at room temperature and pressure
GeCl2 SnCl2

PbCl2

35

Chlorides
On moving down the group,

Metallic character of elements

Ionic character of MCl2

GeCl2 SnCl2

mainly covalent
mainly ionic

PbCl2

36

Tin (Sn)
[Kr]4d10 5s25p2

Lead (Pb)
[Xe] 4f145d10 6s26p2

The outermost ns2 electrons are less shielded by the more diffused inner d and/or f electrons.
They are attracted more by the positive nucleus Less available for forming bonds Form only two bonds using np2
37

Oxides
Two series of oxides formed by the Group IV elements

the monoxides (MO)

the dioxides (MO2)

38

Oxides
All Group IV elements form the dioxides

Carbon dioxide the only Group IV dioxide which consists of simple molecules exists as a gas at room temperature and pressure

39

oxygen 46.6%

silicon 27.7% aluminium iron 8.1% 5.0%

all other elements 1.5% magnesium 2.1%

calcium 3.6% sodium 2.8% potassium 2.6%

40

Percentage abundance by weight of major elements in the Earths crust.

Oxides
The dioxides of other Group IV elements crystalline solids of high melting points either giant covalent or giant ionic structures

41

Oxides
All Group IV elements (except silicon) form the monoxides at normal conditions Stability of MO down the group

CO GeO SnO PbO

42

Oxides
CO2 SiO2 GeO2
Decreasing stability of dioxide

SnO2 PbO2
43

The bond type and the relative stabilitiy of the monoxides and dioxides formed by the Group IV elements Group IV element Carbon Oxides formed Bond type of the oxide Relative stability Unstable (reducing) Stable Very unstable Stable Unstable in the

CO
CO2

Covalent
Covalent Covalent Predominantly ionic Partly ionic, partly covalent

Silicon

(SiO) SiO2 GeO

Germanium
44

presence of O2
Stable

GeO2

The bond type and the relative stabilitiy of the monoxides and dioxides formed by the Group IV elements
Group IV element Oxides formed Bond type of the oxide Relative stability

SnO Tin SnO2 PbO

Predominantly ionic

Unstable (reducing)

Partly ionic,
partly covalent Ionic Predominantly ionic

Unstable (oxidizing)
Stable

Lead

PbO2

Unstable (oxidizing)

45

Silicon and Silicates

Silicon the second most abundant element in the Earths crust about 28% by mass commonly found as silicon oxide (also known as silica)

46

Silicon
Example: in a variety of forms such as sand, quartz and flint also found as silicates in rocks and clay

47

Preparation of Silicon
1. by reduction of silica with carbon in an electric furnace

SiO2(s) + 2C(s) Si(s) + 2CO(g)

2. Extremely pure silicon can be obtained by the reaction of silicon(IV) chloride with hydrogen SiCl4(s) + 2H2(g) Si(s) + 4HCl(l) followed by zone refining of the resultant silicon
48

Applications of Silicon
Silicon is the basic material for making semi-conductors used in the construction of transistors and rectifiers for making steel and aluminium alloys

49

Uses of Carbon
Main component of coal.

Given times, makes diamonds.

Used in pencils.

Makes Chalk
Makes Limestone.

Makes glass
Used in concrete
50

Industrial Uses for Si, Ge,and Sn

Silica- glass
Germanium- construction of transistors

Tin- plate steel for tin cans, windows, and

solder alloys

51

Uses of Lead
By far the most common use
of lead worldwide is for the

lead-acid battery.
Lead is highly conductive and

resistant to corrosion.
Lead-antimony alloy grids.
52

Summary of Group trends

53

Summary of Group trends

54

Summary of group trends

55