Chapter 5 Water and Solution

Water is the most abundant substance on earth. Like any other substances, water has its own unique characteristics.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

A. Physical Characteristics of Water

1. Water can exist in three states:

a. Solid

b. Liquid

c. Gas

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. At room temperature, pure water is a

a. colourless,
b. odourless and c. tasteless.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

Freezing Point of Water

1.Water changes from liquid to solid at its freezing point. liquid solid

Freezing point of water is the temperature at which water freezes into ice.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. The freezing point of pure water is 0 oC.

3. The temperature remains constant at 0 oC until water freezes completely.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

When the temperature drops, the water particles move slower.

Therefore, the forces of attraction among the particles grow stronger.

At 0 oC, the forces of attraction are so great that the water particles are held in fixed positions.

Waterfreezes into ice!

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

Boiling Point of Water

1. Water boils at its boiling point.

liquid gases

Boiling point of water is the temperature at which water boils and becomes steam.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. The boiling point of pure water is 100 oC.

3. The temperature remains constant at 100 oC until water boils completely.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

When the temperature rises, the water particles move faster and further apart.

Therefore, the forces of attraction among the particles grow weaker.

At 100 oC, water particles move so fast that they overcome the forces of attraction and leave the liquids surface.

Waterbecomessteam!

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

5. Water conducts heat slowly. Water is a poor thermal conductor. 6. Water is also a poor electrical conductor. 7. The density of water varies with temperature. Pure water has the maximum density of 1 g per cm3 at 4 oC.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

B. Effects of Impurities on the Physical Characteristics of Water 1. Impurities in water can change the physical characteristics of water. Sometimes the change is noticeable and sometimes it is not.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. Here are some examples:

Physical characteristic Taste Odour Colour Density Electricalconductivity Freezingpoint Example Purewateristastelessbutseawaterissalty. Purewaterisodourless.Waterwithdecayedmatterhasanunpleasant smell. Purewateriscolourlessbutmuddywaterisbrownishincolour. Purewaterislessdensethanseawater. Purewaterwithafewdropsofsulphuricacidcanconductelectricity.
o

Purewaterfreezesat0Cbutseawaterfreezesatalower temperature.
o

Boilingpoint

Purewaterboilsat100Cbutseawaterboilsatahighertemperature.

5.2 Composition of Water

Composition of Water

1. Water is a compound. It is made of two different elements.

Water

Hydrogen

Oxygen

5.2 Composition of Water

2. Water can be broken down to its elements through electrolysis.

A method to break down a compound by passing an electric current through its liquid or solution

5.2 Composition of Water

3. The volume of hydrogen released is always twice the volume of oxygen released.

Oxygen is released at the anode

Hydrogen is released at the cathode

5.2 Composition of Water

4.

Water is made up of one part of oxygen and two parts of hydrogen.

Oxygen atom

Hydrogen atoms
Each water molecule consists of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen.

5.2 Composition of Water

5. Therefore, scientists represent water with the following formula:

H2O
H Represents the hydrogen atom 2 Shows that there are two atoms of hydrogen O Represents the oxygen atom

Applying the principle of water evaporation In our daily life. 1. To drying clothes 2. To drying hair 3. To drying agricultural produce 4. To drying fish and prawn 5. To cooling the body 6. To producing the common salt

5.4 Solution and Solubility

Solution and Solubility

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. What is a solution?

A solute is the substance that dissolves. A solvent is the substance that the solute dissolves in.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

2. Depending on the amount of solutes in solutions, there are three types of solutions. Solution

Dilute solution Contains a little dissolved solute Can dissolve a lot more solute

Concentrated solution Contains a lot of dissolved solute Can dissolve a little bit more solute

Saturated solution Contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute Cannot dissolve any more solute

All these solutions have a clear appearance

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. What is a suspension? A suspension is a mixture containing insoluble substances. 2. There are many suspensions around us.

Muddy water, fruit juices, chocolate drink, blood

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. What is solubility?
The solubility of a solute is the maximum amount of solute in grams that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature. For example, the solubility of sodium chloride is 38 g per 100 g of water at 20 oC. This means that you can dissolve not more than 38 g of sodium chloride in 100 g of water at 20 oC.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

2. Factors Affecting the Solubility of a Solute

a. The nature of the solvent b. The nature of the solute

c. The temperature of the solvent

5.4 Solution and Solubility

i. The nature of the solvent

- The solubility of a solute differs in different solvents.

Example:
Only a little iodine can dissolve in water. Iodine can dissolve very well in alcohol.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

ii. The nature of the solute

Different solutes have different solubility in the same solvent. Example: At the same temperature, sodium chloride has a lower solubility in water compared to copper chloride.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. What are the factors affecting the rate of dissolving a solute? a. Temperature
b. Rate of stirring c. Size of solute particles

5.4 Solution and Solubility

i. Temperature
The higher the temperature of the solvent, the higher the rate of dissolving.

: We use hot water to make tea. One reason for this is that hot water increases the rate of dissolving of certain substances in the tea leaves.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

ii. Rate of stirring

The higher the rate of stirring, the higher the rate of dissolving.

: The faster you stir the soup, the faster the salt dissolves in it.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

iii. Size of solute particles

The smaller the size of the solute particles, the higher the rate of dissolving.

Smaller pieces of palm sugar can dissolve in water faster than a big piece of it.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

Water is a good solvent. Almost everything can dissolve in it to produce solutions. Therefore, water is also known as the universal solvent.

Water acts as a medium in many chemical reactions in our body.

Water dissolves and transports many substances in our body such as digested food and waste products. Water dissolves cleaning agents such as soap powder, dishwasher liquid and toilet cleaner.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

Water dissolves various substances. This enables us to use water in cooking and making drinks.
Water is used extensively in food industry as a solvent. Water is used to prepare traditional and modern liquid medicines. Farmers use water to dissolve pesticides. Water is needed in plants to transport food and dissolved minerals.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

Some substances cannot dissolve in water but they can dissolve in organic solvents.

What are organic solvents?

Organic solvents are carbon compounds that are used as solvents. Examples: Alcohol Turpentine Acetone

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. We use many organic solvents in various products.

To produce lacquers and varnishes

Alcohol

To produce various types of ink To prepare iodine solution (as an antiseptic) To produce perfume

Turpentine

To produce paints To remove paint stains

Acetone

To produce nail polish To remove nail polish

5.4 Solution and Solubility

2. Organic solvents are very useful to us.

a. They are volatile. Therefore, products such as paints, lacquers, varnishes and inks become dry in a short period of time. b. They can dissolve many solutes that do not dissolve in water. 3. However, products containing organic solvents should be handled carefully. a. They are flammable and should be stored away from heat. b. They are toxic and carcinogenic (likely to cause cancer).

1.

An acid is a substance that has a hydrogen atom, which can be replaced by a metal or ammonium. Acid can be divided into two groups and differences are shown below

2.

ACID Organic acid Example Acetic acid Formic acid Lactic acid Malic acid Citric acid Tannic acid Tartaric acid Inorganic acid

Example Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Hydrochloric acid Carbonic acid

3.An acid exist in three state which are a. solid tartaric acid b. liquid ethanoic acid c. gas hydrogen chloric 4. The properties of acids a. Taste sour b. Are corrosive c. Change blue litmus paper to red d. Have pH values of less than 7 e. React with carbonates to release carbon dioxide and form salt and water
acid + cabonates salt + water + carbon dioxide

f.

React with active metals to release hydrogen and form salt.

acid + metal salt + hydrogen

g. React with alkalis to form salt and water

acid + alkali

salt + water

1.

An alkalis is hydroxide or metal oxide that dissolves in water.

2.

Example: potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide solutions.

12 3

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Alkalinity increases

Acidity increases neutral

5.5 Acid and Alkali

Neutralisation
Neutralization is a process where
acid

alkali

salt

water

Note:

Where acid reacts with alkali, salt and water are formed. Different kinds of acids and alkalis will form different types of salt.

5.6 Water Purification

Natural Sources of Water

Natural Sources of Water

From Ocean
Salty Not suitable for human consumption

From lakes, streams, rivers, ground water (well) and rain

Fresh Water But not pure, need to be purified

a. Most pure b. Has very little dissolved substances and a little dust

a. Not clean b. Has a lot of dissolved substances and dirt such as microorganisms and silt

a. Has microorganisms and dissolved substances b. Cleaner than river

a. Has the most substances of salt b. Has the most of dirt.

5.7 Water Supply System

Usage of Water
Usage of Water

Domestic Use of Water Drinking Washing Watering Plants

Agricultural Use of Water Irrigation Aquaculture

Direct Use of Rivers and Streams

Industrial Use of Water Cooling Washing Disposal of Waste

Generate Hydroelectric Power Recreation Transportation

METHOD OF PURIFICATION
Chlorination

Chlorine solution

Filtration

Muddy water Fine sand Coarse sand

Pebbles
Gravel

filtrate

Boiling

filtrate

Distillation

Water out

Liebig condenser Muddy Water Water in

Distilled water

1. Water from natural sources have various impurities such as microorganisms, dissolved gases, mineral salts and silt. 2. Water from natural sources must be purified so that it save to drink and use.

3. Table shows the advantage and disadvantage of water purification.

Waterpurificationmethod

advantage
Waterisclear

disadvantage
Waterstillhas

a. Filtration

Onlyremoves

impuritiesthatare coarsesuchas suspendedsubstances. Sandfiltersare commonlyused

andfree suspended particlesonly

microorganisms anddissolved substances (suchas mineralsalts)

b. Distillation Prepares pure or distilled water

Water is free from all suspended substances, microorganisms and dissolved substances.

Water does not make good drinking because it does not contain dissolved mineral with our body need.

c. Boiling and chlorination Only kills microorganisms in water

Water is free from dangerous microorganisms

Water still has dissolved substances and suspended substances.

WATER TREATMENT PLANT 1. Refer to your text book pg. 36 and draw figure 5.34

PRESERVATION OF WATER QUALITY

1. Find out the ways to control water pollution on page 41.