PARTS OF SPEECH

THE NOUN
What is a noun? A noun is one of the basic parts of speech. Its required in just about any complete sentence. In short, the noun can be either a person, place, thing or idea. Examples include: The boy, the school, the cat or the fear of something.

THE NOUN: COMMON VS. PROPER

There are a few different types of nouns. The ones we are most familiar with are common and proper nouns. The examples in the last slide are common nouns: boy, school, cat, fear. Proper nouns are more specific:
Instead of the boy, try the boy, David. Instead of the school, try the school, West Valley High School. Instead of the cat, try the cat, Nikki.

As you can see, the main difference between common and proper nouns are that proper nouns define the noun more. Theyre usually capitalized and rather specific.

T H E N O U N : C O N C R E TE V S. A B S T R AC T
There are two more types of nouns: concrete nouns and abstract nouns. Were more used to concrete nouns. Again, these would be like the cat, the dog and the school.
Concrete Nouns:

Abstract Nouns:
Usually feelings Cannot be touched: Thought, love, fear Hence the name abstract"

Can be touched
Physical things like clouds and air

THE PRONOUN
What is a pronoun?
A pronoun is basically a word that is used in place of one or more nouns Or even pronouns! Some common examples are he, she, her, his, they, and so on and so forth. The word that a pronoun stands in place of or refers to is known as the antecedent pronoun. Example: Students in on-line classes have to keep up with their assignments.

THE PRONOUN: THE DIFFERENT TYPES

There are a few different types of pronouns. Personal pronouns refer to someone who is speaking (1st person), the one spoken to (2nd person) and the one spoken about (3rd person). Some examples of personal pronouns:
1st person 2nd person 3rd person I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours you, your, yours he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs

Another type of pronoun is known as the

demonstrative pronoun.

Demonstrative pronouns are

used to point out specifics, like people, places, things or ideas. Some examples are this, that, these or those. Interrogative pronouns introduce questions.

Some examples are who, whom, which, what or whose.

THE PRONOUN: EXAMPLES

Personal pronouns

No matter how hard I tried, she refused to date me. One day, she might see what she missed out on.
Demonstrative pronouns

That is my computer, so dont touch it!

This uniform for cross country is better than those ones for the football team.
Interrogative pronouns

To whom is this letter addressed to?

Which of these backpacks belong to me?

THE ADJECTIVE
The adjective is probably one of the most vital parts
of speech. An adjective is anything that alters a noun, defining it more. Words like green, blue and pretty are all examples of adjectives. Demonstrative adjectives are adjectives that can be used both as adjectives and pronouns. They are the same as demonstrative pronouns. Theyre adjectives when they

modify nouns/pronouns, but pronouns when they take the place of nouns/pronouns.

THE ADJECTIVE: PRONOUNS VS. ADJECTIVES

As youve probably figured out by now, some words can be both pronouns and adjectives. When used as pronouns, they take the place of nouns or other pronouns. But when

theyre adjectives, they modify nouns or pronouns.

Pronoun I like that. Either will do. Which is yours? Whose is it? Adjective I like that shirt. Either car will do. Which one is yours? Whose hat is it?

THE ADJECTIVE: EXAMPLES

Heres an example paragraph:
Today, there is going to be an awesome game at Hemet High School. This games going to be intense. Its a rivalry

game against West Valley High School. Of course, I have Mustang

Pride! I think we have a good chance at seriously injuring their schools slim chances at CIF. By the end of the day, Im sure that well have them crying heart-breaking tears even the band will be sobbing uncontrollably on the field!

THE VERB
A verb is a word that is used to express action or a state of being. The verb can be classified in three ways: Helping verbs, action verbs and transitive verbs.

Helping verbs are verbs that help main verbs express a state of
being. Linking Verb do not express action but connect the subject and verb to more information.

T H E V E R B : AC T I O N V S. N O N AC T I O N

Action verbs and non-action verbs (linking verbs) have a

specific distinction: action verbs actually describe what someone is doing (He was running across the street), whereas non-action verbs link subjects to the words that describe them. Some non-action verbs are:
Be Being Am Is Are Shall be Will be Has been Have been Had been Should be Would be Can be Could be Should have been

Was
Were

Shall have been

Will have been

Would have been

Could have been

THE VERB: EXAMPLES

Action verbs:

I felt as if Ms. Leistens treatment of the situation wasnt team.

Helping verbs:

helping any.

I loved running so much I joined the cross country

I can run 3.1 miles in about 23 minutes.

One day, I will be able to run it in about 18 minutes.

THE ADVERB
An adverb is like the adjective for a verb. It basically describes a verb, adjective or another adverb. Adverbs modifying verbs:

Where?
We lived there. Please step up. I have the ticket here. Put that down.

When?
May we go tomorrow? Water the plant weekly. Well see you later. He arrived early.

THE ADVERB: CONTINUED

Adverbs modifying adjectives:

Examples Beth did an exceptionally fine job.

He is an especially talented chef

Adverbs modifying adverbs:

Examples Calvin was almost never there.

Well meet shortly afterward.

THE PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word or phrase that shows the relationship of a noun/pronoun to another word. Heres some examples of some commonly-used prepositions: The Saint Bernard slept near my Everything about the beach was bed. wonderful.

The Saint Bernard slept under my bed.

The Saint Bernard slept on my bed. The Saint Bernard slept beside my bed.

Everything except the beach was wonderful.

Everything from the beach was wonderful. Everything on the beach was wonderful.

THE PREPOSITION: COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS

Compound prepositions are prepositions that are two words or more (hence
phrases in the first slide). Some compound prepositions consist of: According to As of Aside from Because of By means of In addition to In front of In place of In spite of Instead of Next to On account of Out of Prior to

THE PREPOSITION: EXAMPLES

Here are some examples of compound prepositions: I sprinted in front of Tomas at the Yucaipa

Invitational
Alas, because of my cramp, he finished 5th to last in place of myself.

Prior to the race, I thought Id do very well.

THE CONJUNCTION
A conjunction is a word that joins words or word groups. Coordinating conjunctions join words/word groups that are used in the same way, while correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that joins words/word groups

that are used in the same way.

T H E C O N J U N C T I O N : FA N B OY S !
One way to remember coordinating conjunctions are through a list called FANBOYS:
Examples: Coordinating conjunctions: I tried to sprint ahead, for Brandyn was passing me and I wanted to win the race. I came in last place at Yucaipa, but it was a lot of fun!

For And Nor But Or Yet So

Correlative conjunctions: I beat neither Nathan Newberry nor Sergio Grajeda. However, a Beaumont, both Tomas and Manuel came after I did.

THE INTERJECTION
An interjection is a word that expresses emotion. There is no grammatical relation between the interjection and the rest of the sentence. Examples: Yow! That hurts, Marie! Yikes! You scared me to death, Rebecca!

Ah I think I just felt my heart break.

SHORT QUIZ

 Identify the verb phrases in the following sentences. Then, identify the helping verbs and the main verbs. 1. Steven and Craig must have had permission to leave early. 2. Mitsy should vacuum the carpet before she dusts the furniture. 3. The remote control must have fallen behind the sofa cushion. 4. It was understood that the group would be meeting in the commons after school. 5. Jesse will not be going to soccer practice this afternoon. 6. Meghan might not have practiced enough for her recital.

7. The weatherman thinks it might snow tomorrow afternoon.