SKELETAL SYSTEM

The SKELETON supports and protects the body while giving it shape and form. to provide mobility or movement.

3 main types of skeleton

Hydrostatic skeletons Exoskeletons Endoskeletons

Hydrostatic skeleton
Consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment This is the main type of skeleton in most cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids Annelids use their hydrostatic skeleton for peristalsis, a type of movement produced by rhythmic waves of muscle contractions passing from front to back

Annelids use their hydrostatic skeleton for peristalsis, a type of movement produced by rhythmic waves of muscle contractions passing from front to back
Longitudinal muscle relaxed (extended) Circular muscle contracted Circular muscle relaxed

Longitudinal muscle contracted

(a) Body segments at the head and just in

front of the rear are short and thick (longitudinal muscles contracted; circular muscles relaxed) and anchored to the ground by bristles. The other segments are thin and elongated (circular muscles contracted; longitudinal muscles relaxed.)
(b) The head has moved forward because

Bristles

Head

circular muscles in the head segments have contracted. Segments behind the head and at the rear are now thick and anchored, thus preventing the worm from slipping backward.

(c)

The head segments are thick again and anchored in their new positions. The rear segments have released their hold on the ground and have been pulled forward.

Exoskeletons is a hard encasement deposited on an animal's surface. Are found in most molluscs and arthropods

 Endoskeletons consists of hard supporting elements, such as bones, buried within the soft tissues of an animal. Are found in sponges, echinoderms, and chordates

 The human skeleton

 The human skeleton are divided into two groups. They are the axial skeletal bones and appendicular skeletal bones. An adult human skeleton contains more than 200 bones, 80 of which are from the axial skeleton and 126 from the appendicular skeleton, some fused together and others connected at joints by ligaments that allow freedom of movement.

Skeletal system transform muscle contraction into locomotion Muscles move skeletal parts by contracting Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton in antagonistic pairs - With each member of the pair working against each other

Vertebrate skeletal muscle

Vertebrate skeletal muscle, which is attached to the bones and is responsible for their movement, is characterized by a hierarchy of smaller and smaller units skeletal muscles consist of a bundle of long fibers running parallel to the length of the muscle. Each fiber is a single cell with multiple nuclei, reflecting its formation by the fusion of many embryonic cells.

 muscle fiber contains a bundle of smaller myofibrils arranged longitudinally. The myofibrils, in turn, are composed of thin filaments and thick filaments. Thin filaments consist of rn'o strands of actin and two strands of a regulatory protein coiledaround one another. Thick filaments are staggered arrays of myosin molecules.

 Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle because - the regular arrangement of the filaments creates a pattern of light and dark bands.

 Each repeating unit is a sarcomere the contractile unit of the muscle. The borders of the sarcomere are lined up in adjacent myofibrils and contribute to the striations visible with a light microscope. Thin filaments are attached at the Z lines and project toward the center of the sarcomere, while thick filaments are attached at the M lines centered in the sarcomere.

 The areas that contain the myofilaments Are the I band, A band, and H zone I band - region between the A band and Z disk of muscle sarcomere; reveals actin filaments only; appears light when viewed under the microscope A band region of muscle sarcomere that corresponds to the myosin thick filaments only; appears dark

The Sliding-Filament Model of Muscle Contraction According to the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction, neither the thin filaments nor the thick filaments change in length when the sarcomere shortens; rather, the filaments slide past each other longitudinally, increasing the overlap of the thin and thick filaments.