Chapter 4: Exercise Metabolism

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance (5th Ed)

Scott K. Powers & Edward T. Howley Presented and Updated by MOHD SANI MADON (PhD)
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Objectives

Discuss the relationship between exercise intensity/duration and the bioenergetic pathways Define the term oxygen deficit Define the term lactate threshold Discuss several possible mechanisms for the sudden rise in blood-lactate during incremental exercise List the factors that regulate fuel selection during different types of exercise
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Objectives

Explain why fat metabolism is dependent on carbohydrate metabolism Define the term oxygen debt Give the physiological explanation for the observation that the O2 dept is greater following intense exercise when compares to the O2 debt following light exercise

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Rest-to-Exercise Transitions

Oxygen uptake increases rapidly

Reaches steady state within 1-4 minutes Lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise Suggests anaerobic pathways contribute to total ATP production

Oxygen deficit

After steady state is reached, ATP requirement is met through aerobic ATP production
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The Oxygen Deficit

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5 Fig 4.1

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Differences in VO2 Between Trained & Untrained Subjects

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Fig 4.2 6

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Recovery From Exercise Metabolic Responses

Oxygen debt or Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) Elevated VO2 for several minutes immediately following exercise Fast portion of O2 debt Resynthesis of stored PC Replacing muscle and blood O2 stores Slow portion of O2 debt Elevated Heart rate and breathing, energy need Elevated body temperature, metabolic rate Elevated Epinephrine & Norepinephrine, metabolic rate Conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
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Oxygen Deficit and Debt During Light-Moderate and Heavy Exercise

Fig 4.3
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Removal of Lactic Acid Following Exercise

Fig 4.4
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Fig 4.5
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Metabolic Response to Exercise Short-Term Intense Exercise

High-intensity, short-term exercise (2-20 seconds)

ATP production through ATP-PC system

ATP production via anaerobic glycolysis ATP production through ATP-PC, glycolysis, and aerobic systems
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Intense exercise longer than 20 seconds

High-intensity exercise longer than 45 seconds

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Metabolic Response to Exercise Prolonged Exercise

Exercise longer than 10 minutes

ATP production primarily from aerobic metabolism Steady state oxygen uptake can generally be maintained

Prolonged exercise in a hot/humid environment or at high intensity

Steady state not achieved Upward drift in oxygen uptake over time
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Upward Drift in Oxygen Uptake During Prolonged Exercise

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Fig 4.6 13

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Metabolic Response to Exercise Incremental Exercise

VO2 Ability to Deliver & Use Oxygen Oxygen uptake increases linearly until VO2max is reached

No further increase in VO2 with increasing work rate Ability of cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to muscles Ability of muscles to use oxygen and produce ATP aerobically
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Physiological factors influencing VO2max

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Changes in Oxygen Uptake With Incremental Exercise

Fig 4.7
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Lactate Threshold

The point at which blood lactic acid suddenly rises during incremental exercise

Also called the anaerobic threshold

Mechanisms for lactate threshold

Low muscle oxygen Accelerated glycolysis Recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers Reduced rate of lactate removal from the blood

Practical uses in prediction of performance and as a marker of exercise intensity

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Identification of the Lactate Threshold

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Fig 4.8 17

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Mechanisms to Explain the Lactate Threshold

Fig 4.10
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Other Mechanisms for the Lactate Threshold

Failure of the mitochondrial hydrogen shuttle to keep pace with glycolysis

Excess NADH in sarcoplasm favors conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid Enzyme that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid LDH in fast-twitch fibers favors formation of lactic acid
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Type of LDH

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Effect of Hydrogen Shuttle and LDH on Lactate Threshold

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Fig204.9

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Estimation of Fuel Utilization During Exercise

Respiratory exchange ratio (RER or R)

VCO2 / VO2

Fat (palmitic acid) = C16H32O2 C16H32O2 + 23O2 16CO2 + 16H2O + ?ATP

R = VCO2/VO2 = 16 CO2 / 23O2 = 0.70

Glucose = C6H12O6 C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ?ATP

R = VCO2/VO2 = 6 CO2 / 6O2 = 1.00
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Estimation of Fuel Utilization During Exercise

Indicates fuel utilization

0.70 = 100% fat 0.85 = 50% fat, 50% CHO 1.00 = 100% CHO

During steady state exercise

VCO2 and VO2 reflective of O2 consumption and CO2 production at the cellular level

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Exercise Intensity and Fuel Selection

Low-intensity exercise (<30% VO2max)

Fats are primary fuel CHO are primary fuel Describes the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as exercise intensity increases Due to:

High-intensity exercise (>70% VO2max)

Crossover concept

Recruitment of fast muscle fibers Increasing blood levels of epinephrine

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Illustration of the Crossover Concept

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24 Fig 4.11

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Exercise Duration and Fuel Selection

During prolonged exercise there is a shift from CHO metabolism toward fat metabolism Increased rate of lipolysis

Breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA) Stimulated by rising blood levels of epinephrine

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Shift From CHO to Fat Metabolism During Prolonged Exercise

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26 Fig 4.13

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Interaction of Fat and CHO Metabolism During Exercise

Fats burn in a carbohydrate flame Glycogen is depleted during prolonged highintensity exercise

Reduced rate of glycolysis and production of pyruvate Reduced Krebs cycle intermediates Reduced fat oxidation

Fats are metabolized by Krebs cycle

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Sources of Fuel During Exercise

Carbohydrate

Blood glucose Muscle glycogen

Fat

Plasma FFA (from adipose tissue lipolysis) Intramuscular triglycerides

Only a small contribution to total energy production (only ~2%) May increase to 5-15% late in prolonged exercise Gluconeogenesis via the Cori cycle
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Protein

Blood lactate

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Effect of Exercise Intensity on Muscle Fuel Source

Fig 4.14
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Effect of Exercise Duration on Muscle Fuel Source

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Fig 4.15 30

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The Cori Cycle: Lactate As a Fuel Source

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Fig 4.16 31

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