DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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Recap

Database

HR File Sales File Payroll File

Record Record Record

Fields 2511700 DArora 200/day

11001101 11000100 11011100 Bytes

1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Bits
JIM Dharmendra
Arora
Traditional File System
 Each information need facilitated by specific
application associated to a specific master file
 Which resulted in:
 Data Redundancy-same info in more than one files
 Lack Of Data Integration-collation of information from more
than one files not possible
 Program/Data Dependence-adding data field required
change in program, data management scattered among
application programs
 Lack of Flexibility-scheduled reports & queries to retrieve
data

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What is Database?

Physical collection of
data
(Must be stored on direct access devices)

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Why Database
 Avoid redundancy
 Remove Inconsistency
 Sharing & Synchronization of data
 Security
 Data independence
 Etc.

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Database Management System
 Centralised data management software
 Mechanism for organising, structuring &
storing data
 Set of programs that serve an interface
between application programs and
database (set of coordinated and
integrated physical files)
 DBMS provides capabilities of creating,
maintaining and changing the database

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Dharmendra Arora India Rajasthan 211111

Dharmendra Arora Freelance Consultant 8 Years talkSmart

Dharmendra Arora ICICI Bank 0001122333 25000

Personal
DBMS

Professional
Query Database
Language
Financial

Users Reports
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Who Are The Users?
 End User-Logical view
 Application Programmer-Logical/Physical
view
 Database Administrator-for overall control of
Db.
 Data dictionary
 Physical structure
 Updation of database
 Security & recovery
 Access control
 Etc.
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Logical & Physical Views
 Physical view-physical layout of the
database records; actual records of bits,
bytes on memory devices. Used by
technical people to optimise memory
devise for space and performance.
 Logical view- data represented in user-
desired format.

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Elements of DBMS

1. Data Definition Language (DDL

2. Data Manipulation Language
(DML)
3. Utilities & Ancillary Software

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Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Means by which the content & format of
data to be stored is described; and the
structure of db is defined.
 It is essentially a link between Logical
view and physical views of database.

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Arora
JIM Dharmendra
Arora
JIM Dharmendra
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Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Set of procedural commands that allow
the user to store, retrieve and amend the
database.
 Eg. Select * from personal_info;

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Utilities & Ancillary Software
 Physical administration of database
 Wizards for reports etc.

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Database Models
 It defines the way/fashion in which the
data is structured/coordinated-the way
related data is tied together.
 3 major models
1. Relational Database-based on relational theory
2. Hierarchical Database-based on graph theory
3. Network Database-based on graph theory

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Relational Database
 Introduced by Codd in early 1970s
 Composed of one or more relations. Each can be
visualised as a table of data or file.
 Each row (tuple) in the relation represents one
entity.
 Each column name represents attribute.
 The value of an attribute is called an item.
 In any relation no two rows can be identical.
 An attribute or set of attributes whose value
uniquely identify a row of a relation is called a key.

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Example of Relational Db

Course # Title Course #Contents

course contents

Course # Pre# Course # Emp#

Prereq teacher

Course # Roll# Grade Course students

Roll # StuName students

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Hierarchical Database
 Data represented by tree-structure type of
organisation.
 The hierarchical tree specifies what record
types are allowed to be included in the
database and the permissible relations
between record types.
 Any record other than the root or the tree
must be connected with a parent record.
 When a record is deleted, all the descendants
of the records are also deleted.

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 Example of Hierarchical Db
Course # Title course

contents Contents Pre# Prereq Emp#

teacher

Roll# Grade Course students

StuName students
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Network Database
 Generalisation of hierarchical model.
 In this a segment can have multiple
parent segments.
 Many-to-many structure rather than one-
to-many.

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Arora
 Example of Hierarchical Db
Course # Title course
hascon hastea
corpre

contents Contents Pre# Prereq Emp#

fulfil
teacher

Roll# Grade Course students

attends
takestest

StuName students
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Which model to use
 Ease of use-relational
 Efficiency of implementation-others

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