Section 15.6 Domestic Electricity

Section 15.
Domestic electricity
• Power rating of electrical appliance
• Electrical energy
• Electric bill
• Domestic wiring and electrical
safety
• Choice of power cable and fuse
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 1
15.6 Domestic electricity (SB p. 69)
Power rating of electrical appliance
For a certain heater
when it works at 220 V

→ consumes electrical
power of 2 000 W
rated value: 220 V, 2 000 W
Go to
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. Activity 2 2

Class Practice 5:
On a Christmas tree, the light bulbs are connected in series.
Each light bulb has a rated value of "5 V, 5 W".
(a) Calculate the resistance of one light bulb.
V2 52 Ans
R= =5Ω
= _____________
P 5 wer
(b) If each light bulb operates at the rated value from the
mains supply (220 V), how many bulbs can be
connected? Mains voltage
Number of light bulbs = _________________________
Voltage of one bulb
Ans 220
wer = 44
= __________________
5
Thinking 6
Class Practice 5: (Cont)

(c) What is the total power output at that time?
Ans
Total power output wer
Number of bulbs × Power output of a bulb
= ________________________________________
44 × 5 = 220 W
= ________________________________________

Electrical energy
Electrical energy
E = Pt
= VIt (P = VI )
= I Rt
2
(P = I R )
2
V 2
 V  2
= t  P = 
R  R
Electrical energy
Electrical energy measured by
• joulemeter
• kilowatt-hour meter
(kW h meter)

Electrical energy
kilowatt-hour (kW h)
1 kW h =1 000 W ×1 h
=1 000 J s−1× 3 600 s
∴1 kW h = 3.6 ×106 J

Electrical energy
Expt. 15D kilowatt-hour meter

Electrical
energy and
electrical power
reading
hair dryer
to mains
supply

Electrical energy
Electrical energy consumed by the hair dryer (E)
Final kW h Initial kW h
meter reading (Ef) meter reading (Ei)
power rating
Ef − Ei
P=
t
in hour
Electric bill
Cost of electricity
Total unit of electricity
consumed (kW h)
× Cost of 1 unit of
electricity

Example 4:
Four air-conditioners, each of power of 2 500 W, are
turned on for 8 hours a day. Calculate the electricity cost
for the whole month of September. Given that the cost of 1
unit of electricity is 85 cents. Solut
ion
Electricity consumed by one air-conditioner in September
= Pt = 2.5 kW × (8 × 30) h = 600 kW h
Electricity consumed by four air-conditioners in September
= 4 × 600 = 2 400 kW h
Total electricity cost = $0.85 × 2 400 = $2 040

Class Practice 6:
1. Complete the following table. Ans
wer
Electrical Power / W Power / kW Time / hour Energy
appliance consumed /
kW h
Kettle 1 500 1.5 3 4.5
Light bulb 60 0.06 100 6
Vacuum 0.8 5
cleaner 800 4
Iron 1 000 3 3
1


2. From the electric bill shown,
find the cost of electricity
per kW h.
Ans
$206.88 wer
Cost for two months = _______________________ Ans
25 974 − 25 734 = 240 wer
Energy consumed = __________________________ kW h
206.88
= $0.862 or 86.2 cents
Cost of electricity per kW h = __________________________
240 Ans
wer
Electricity supply
Voltage / V
direct
direct current
current (d.c.)
(d.c.)
Example:
steady
voltage batteries
Time / s Voltage / V alternating

voltage
Example:
mains supply
Time / s
(220 V, 50 Hz in HK)
alternating
alternating current
current (a.c.)
(a.c.) 1 cycle
Cable
L
live wire (L) &

neutral wire (N) —
for conduction of
N
electricity

Cable
When touch accidentally

→ no electric shock
L N
positive or no
negative voltage voltage
with respect to difference
earth with earth

Cable
current flows 0.02 s current flows

from L to N from N to L
0.02 s
L : higher voltage N : higher voltage

Go to
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. Activity 3 17

Domestic wiring
domestic wiring circuit

Domestic wiring
consumer unit (fuse box)
fuses
kW h
meter
main
fuse at
electric
company
N L
to water to air-
incoming
heater conditioner
cable
Domestic wiring
lighting circuit
in parallel
• all bulbs operated at

rated voltage (220 V)
• if one blows,
others still work
Domestic wiring
Current through 2 paths

• thinner cables used
• fault in 1 path
ring circuit → I pass another
earth

Safety wiring of domestic electricity
Electricity brings us benefits
Go to
Activity 4
But also danger

e.g. fires, serious injuries

Class Practice 7:
An electrician carried out an inspection of electrical safety of a
house. Put a "" in the circle for the appropriate action that
should be taken for electrical safety. Put a "  " for
inappropriate action.
(A) In kitchen
Ans
wer

1. A metal knife is used to pull out
a piece of bread from a toaster.
(A) In kitchen
Ans
wer

2. The plug of a kettle is detached
from a socket before water is added.

(B) In living room
Ans
wer

3. A wet towel is placed on a radiation

heater for drying.

(B) In living room
Ans
wer

4. A lamp is detached from the socket before
the faulty light bulb is unscrewed by an electrician.
(B) In living room
Ans
wer

5. A toaster and a radiation heater
are not connected to the same socket.

(C) In bathroom
Ans
wer

6. A heater is placed near a bath tub.

(C) In bathroom
Ans
wer

7. A hair dryer is working when a shower is on.

Wiring of an electric iron

L N E
main switch
metal case
ensure no part of iron at
high voltage when opened
resistor

L N E
main switch fuse
metal case
• metal wire
(low meltingresistor
point)
• negligible resistance
• installed at L
→ prevent excessive
current
L N E
main switch
fuse
blown metal case
earth wire
at fault
→ I from metal case resistor
to the ground

Earth wire installed fault occurs
current flows to
the ground
No earth wire
fault occurs
current flows to the

ground via body
→ electric shock
Example 5:
The figure shows a domestic
wiring circuit.
(a) Identify wires X, Y and Z.
(b) At which wire should a
fuse be connected?
(c) Which wire is not connected
to the power station? What
is the function of this wire?
Solut
ion
(a) X is a live wire, Y is a neutral wire and Z is an earth wire.
(b) X.
(c) Z. It is a safety device to prevent people from getting an
electric shock.
Safety precautions
(1) Do not overload a socket

Safety precautions
(2) Make sure leads :
not worn / cut / shown bare
Do not join wires

Safety precautions
(3) Do not turn on / off appliance

when hands are wet
Safety precautions
(4) Pull out plugs before repairing

Safety precautions
(5) Do not run extension

leads in bathroom
Safety precautions
(6) Do not poke things in sockets

Safety precautions
(7) Make sure appliance
correctly wired
(8) Make sure suitable

fuse value used
(9) Do not remove

earth wire & fuse

Choice of power cable and fuse
Choice of power cable & fuse depends on

operating current
Example:
rated value "220 V, 2 000 W"
P 2 000
operating current (I) = =
V 220
= 9.1 A

Choice of power cable
operating current ↑ → thickness of wire ↑
lower R use for high

operating current
→ great power loss
→ cables heat up
thick power
cable → insulation melted
→ short circuit /
thin power
cable
electric leakage
Thinking 7
Choice of fuse
fuse rating maximum I flowing through
when fault occurs

→ I > fuse rating
→ fuse melts
→ breaks circuit

Choice of fuse
Fuse rating slightly higher than operating current
Power Appliance Operating Fuse needed

current
4 000 W cooker 18 A 30 A

Choice of fuse
current
2 500 W electric water 11 A 13 A
heater
electric kettle
washing machine

Choice of fuse
current
2 000 W fan heater 9A 13 A
1 000 W radiant heater 5A 13 A

Choice of fuse
current
200 W light bulb 0.9 A 3A
record player

Choice of fuse
current
100 W fluorescent tube 0.5 A 3A
10 W cassette player 0.05 A 3A

radio

Example 6:
(a) What is the current drawn by each of the following
appliances when each of them is connected to a 220 V
supply?
(i) A water kettle rated at 1.5 kW.
(ii)A washing machine rated at 2 kW.
(b) Is it safe to run both appliances together from a socket
with a 15 A fuse at the same time?
Solut
P 1 500
(a) (i) I = = = 6.8 A ion
V 220
P 2 000
I= = = 9.1 A
(ii) V 220
(b) Total current = 6.8 + 9.1 = 15.9 A > 15 A
It is not safe to run them together from a 15 A socket.
Useful Website
Electrical and Mechanical Services

Department
(http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd)
The Hongkong Electric Co., Ltd.
(http://www.hec.com.hk/hec/customer)
China Light & Power Company
(http://www.clpgroup.com/clpgroup/home
/safeTips)

Mind Map
electric flow of electric charges
I=
charge flow
15.1 Electric circuit
current time taken
carried by electric charges

electrical energy
15.2 Electrical energy
energy transferred
and voltage voltage V=
charge passed
Ohm’s law
15.3 Ohm’s law and
Circuits and resistance V
resistance R=
domestic electricity I
series circuit R = R1 + R2 + ...
15.4 Series and
parallel circuits 1
=
1
+
1
+ ...
parallel circuit R R1 R2
heating effect electrical energy transferre d
15.5 Electrical power P=
time taken
power rating
15.6 Domestic electrical energy E = Pt
electricity cost of electricity cost= E (in kW h) × cost of 1

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. unit 54
a.c. current / d.c. current
The End

Return to
Activity 2
Power rating of electrical appliance Text
Write down the power ratings of the following
electrical appliances in your home or school.
Ans
wer
Electrical appliance Power rating
Rice cooker 220 V, 500 W
Hair dryer 220 V, 750 W
Fluorescent tube 220 V, 200 W
Iron 220 V, 750 W
Refrigerator 220 V, 100 W
Thinking 6
Louis says "When a '220 V, 100 W' light bulb A and
a '220 V, 200 W' light bulb B are connected in
series to a 220 V supply, the power dissipated in A
is smaller than that in B."
Is Louis correct? Explain briefly.
Ans
wer

Return to
Thinking 6 (Cont) Text

The light bulbs are not operated at 220 V, so their
power consumed are not equal to their power
ratings.
220 2
R of A = 100 = 484 Ω
220 2
R of B = 200 = 242 Ω
Since A and B are connected in series, the currents

passing through them are the same. By P = I2R,
power dissipated in A is larger than that in B.
Activity 3
You were an electrician
Let's start:
1. Below is the conversation between them. If
you were the electrician, what would you say?
Louis The electrician
(a) I would like to install a Which types of lights do you

light in my room. like - a 100 W light bulb or a
100 W fluorescent tube?
(b) Do they have the The 100 W fluorescent tube

same brightness? Ans
is brighter than the 100 W
wer
light bulb.
Activity 3 (Cont)
(c) When they are switched Ans

on for the same period wer
of time, does the They require the same
fluorescent tube require electricity cost.
less electricity cost?
(d) If three light bulbs are

installed in series in my In series, you must switch
Ans
room, can I switch on on or off all of them at the
one light bulb only? wer
same time.

Activity 3 (Cont)
(e) How can I control the You shouldAns

connect the
light bulbs one by one?
light bulbswer
in parallel.
2. Ask one of your classmates to do role

play with you, with either one acting as Louis or the
electrician.
Return to
Text
Activity 4
3-pin plug and 2-pin plug
(A) Three-pin plug
Let's start:
1. Open a three-pin plug with a screwdriver.
2. There are three coloured wires connected

to three pins marked with L (the live pin),
N (the neutral pin) and E (the earth pin).
Activity 4 (Cont)
3. Write down the colours of the wires
connected to the pins and the rating of the
fuse. Ans
wer
yellow-green 13
brown
blue

Activity 4 (Cont)
4. Which pin is longer than the other two
pins? Why?Ans
wer
The earth pin is longer

than the live and neutral
pins to ensure that the
earth pin is inserted into
the socket before the
others for the safety
purpose.
Activity 4 (Cont)
(B) Two-pin plug
1. In a two-pin plug, which of the live, neutral

and earth wires is missing? What is the
function of the wire?
Ans
Thewer
earth wire is missing.
When a fault occurs, a large
current can flow to the
ground through the earth
wire.
Activity 4 (Cont)
2. What is the danger of using a two-pin plug?
In a two-pin plug, when a fault occurs, the
large current flows to the ground through
Ans
the body that touches the metal case of thewer
electrical appliance. The person may get an
electric shock.
Return to
Text
Thinking 7
Explain why thicker power cables usually have
thicker coated insulation. Ans
wer
Thicker power cables often allow large current
to pass through. Therefore, thicker coated
insulation can prevent leakages of electricity
and electric shocks.
Return to
Text

Section 15.6 Domestic Electricity

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Section 15.6 Domestic Electricity

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Section 15.

Power rating of electrical appliance

For a certain heater

when it works at 220 V

rated value: 220 V, 2 000 W

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. Activity 2 2

Class Practice 5: (Cont)

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 4

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 6

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 7

Expt. 15D kilowatt-hour meter

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 8

Electrical energy consumed by the hair dryer (E)

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 10

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 11

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 12

Class Practice 6: (Cont)

Time / s Voltage / V alternating

live wire (L) &

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 15

When touch accidentally

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 16

current flows 0.02 s current flows

L : higher voltage N : higher voltage

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. Activity 3 17

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 18

consumer unit (fuse box)

• all bulbs operated at

Current through 2 paths

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 21

Safety wiring of domestic electricity

Electricity brings us benefits

But also danger

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 22

Class Practice 7: (Cont)

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 24

Class Practice 7: (Cont)

(B) In living room

3. A wet towel is placed on a radiation

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 25

Class Practice 7: (Cont)

(B) In living room

Class Practice 7: (Cont)

(B) In living room

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 27

Class Practice 7: (Cont)

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 28

Class Practice 7: (Cont)

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 29

Safety wiring of domestic electricity

Wiring of an electric iron

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 30

Safety wiring of domestic electricity

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 31

Safety wiring of domestic electricity

Safety wiring of domestic electricity

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 33

Safety wiring of domestic electricity

Earth wire installed fault occurs

Safety wiring of domestic electricity

current flows to the

Safety wiring of domestic electricity

(1) Do not overload a socket