Instructor: Dr.

Samiur Rahman Shah

NUST School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
ME-328 Machine Design
Lecture 7
Screws, keys and non-permanent fasteners:
Design of Screws, Fasteners, and Connections
Thread Standards & definitions
Power Screws
Thread Stresses
Threaded Fasteners
Bolted Joints In Tension & Compression
Torque requirements
Strength Specifications
Selection of the Nut
Bolt Pre-Load & Fatigue Strength
Page 2
Screws, Keys and Couplings, Screws:
Gasket Joints
Bolt & Riveted Joints in Shear
Centroid of Bolt/ Rivet Groups
Eccentric Loading of Bolt & Rivet Joints
Keys, Pins & Retainers.
Page 3
Page 4

Coefficients of friction and safe working pressures
Page 5
Stresses concentrated at the
fillet, at the start of the
threads, and the thread-root
fillets
The thread length of metric
bolts, where D is the nominal
diameter in mm is given at
right
Ideally, only one or two
threads should surpass the nut
Washers should always be
used to avoid stress
concentrations due to burrs
Threaded fasteners
Page 6
Washers should always be used to avoid stress concentrations
due to burrs
Rounded face should contact bolt head
Washers may be used under the nut too
Clamping load elongates the bolt
This elongation ensures a pre-load
Bolt should be held stationary so that no torsional loads be
imposed on the bolt body
During tightening of nuts, generally the first thread yields,
work hardens, and then spreads load over three threads
Nuts should not be reused

Threaded fasteners
Page 7
Page 8
Page 9
Twisting the nut provides
pre-tension or preload
This load exists even
without external load P
A variation of fastening in
Fig 8-14 may be to use studs
A spring rate can be defined
for a bolt determine
stiffness of the bolt system
The grip is the total
thickness of the connected
material
Joints Fastener stiffness
Page 10
Stiffness of bolt consists of two parts
Threaded
Non-threaded






Where
A
t
= tensile stress area
l
t
= length of threaded portion of grip
A
d
= major diameter of area of fastener
l
d
= length of unthreaded portion in grip
2 1
1 1 1
k k k
+ =
2 1
2 1
k k
k k
k
+
=
t
t
T
l
E A
k =
d
d
D
l
E A
k =
Page 11
Substituting in earlier equation, we get



Where
k
b
is the estimated effective stiffness of the bolt in the
clamped zone
For short fasteners, where threaded area is longer, k
T
may be
used
For long fasteners where unthreaded area is longer, k
d
may be
used
d t t d
t d
b
l A l A
E A A
k
+
=
Page 12
Page 13
Page 14
Page 15
In earlier section, stiffness of fastener was determined in
clamped zone
In this section, stiffness of member must be known in the
clamped zone
Both must be known to know what happens when an external
loading is applied to this assembled connection
There may be more than two members in the grip of the
fastener, each acting as a spring in series
Total spring rate is given by

Joints Member stiffness
i m
k k k k k
1 1 1 1 1
3 2 1
+ + + + =
Page 16
A pressure cone may be used to calculate stress distribution in
clamped member
Variable proposed by Ito et al.
1
complicated
Fixed Little
2
and Osgood
3
much simpler
A fixed cone angle of 30
o
will be used
1. Y. Ito, J. Toyoda and S. Nagata, Interdace Pressure Distribution in a Bolt-Flange Asse;mbly, ASME paper np. 77-WA/DE-11, 1977
2. R. E. Little, Bolted Joints: How Much Give?, Machine Design, Nov. 9, 1967
3. C. C. Osgood, Saving Weight on Bolted Joints, Machine Design, Oct. 25, 1979
Page 17
Referring to figure, elongation of an element of the cone of
thickness dx subjected to a tensile force P is


The area of the element is






EA
Pdx
d = o
( )
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
2 2
2 2
2 2
tan
d D
x r r A
i o
o t t
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
2
tan
2
tan
d D
x
d D
x o o t
Page 18
Integrating, we get the elongation as


Using a table of integrals, we get


Thus the spring rate or stiffness of this frustum is




( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
}
+ + +
=
t
d D x d D x
dx
E
P
0
2 tan 2 tan o o t t
o
( )( )
( )( ) d D d D t
d D d D t
Ed
P
+ +
+ +
=
o
o
t
o
tan 2
tan 2
ln
( )( )
( )( ) d D d D t
d D d D t
Ed P
k
+ +
+ +
= =
o
o
o t
o
tan 2
tan 2
ln
tan
Page 19
With =30
o
, this becomes



The last two equations must be solved separately for each
frustum in the joint
Individual stiffnesses are assembled to give km (series
stiffness)
If the members have the same Youngs modulus E with
identical frusta back-to-back, we treat them as two identical
springs in series






( )( )
( )( ) d D d D t
d D d D t
Ed
k
+ +
+ +

=
15 . 1
15 . 1
ln
577 . 0 t
Page 20
Using grip as
l =2t
d
w
as the diameter of the washer face
We find the spring rate of the members to be



The washer external dia is usually 50% greater than inner dia
for normal hexagonal nuts and cap screws, thus
d
w
= 1.5d
If we also use =30
o

( )( )
( )( ) d d d d l
d d d d l
Ed
k
w w
w w
m
+ +
+ +
=
o
o
o t
tan
tan
ln 2
tan
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
d l
d l
Ed
k
m
5 . 2 577 . 0
5 . 0 577 . 0
5 ln 2
577 . 0 t

Page 21




Thank you