Physics 114C - Mechanics

Lecture 17 (Walker: Ch. 7.1-2)

Work & Energy
April 30, 2009
John G. Cramer
Professor of Physics
B451 PAB
cramer@phys.washington.edu
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 2/28
Announcements
HW#4 is due at 11:59 PM on Thursday, April 30 (Tonight!).
Homework up to 24 hours late will receive 70% credit.
We will have Exam 2 on Friday, May 8. It will cover Chapters 5-
8 and will be similar to Exam 1 in its structure. There will again
be assigned seating. If you have not already done so and would
like to request a left-handed seat, right-handed aisle seat, or
front row seat, E-mail your request to me ASAP.
As of today, all 94/94 clickers are registered! Well done!
Clicker numbers and cumulative scores as of last Friday (26
max) are posted on Tycho under Lecture Score 1 and 2.
My office hours are 12:30-1:20 PM on Tuesdays and 2:30-3:20
PM on Thursdays, both in the 114 area of the Physics Study
Center on the Mezzanine floor of PAB A (this building).
Physics 114B now has a UW GoPost discussion board at:
https://catalysttools.washington.edu/gopost/board/jcramer/11164/
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 3/28
Physics 114B - Introduction to Mechanics
Lecture: Professor John G. Cramer
Textbook: Physics, Vol. 1 (UW Edition), James S. Walker
Week Date L# Lecture Topic Pages Slides Reading HW Due Lab
4
20-Apr-09 11 Newton's Laws 14 29 5-1 to 5-4
1-D Dynamics
21-Apr-09 12 Common Forces 11 26 5-5 to 5-7
23-Apr-09 13 Free Body Diagrams - 24 - HW3
24-Apr-09 14 Friction 9 27 6-1
5
27-Apr-09 15 Strings & Springs 12 29 6-2 to 6-4
Newton's Laws
Tension
28-Apr-09 16 Circular Motion 5 30 6-5
30-Apr-09 17 Work & Energy 11 23 7-1 to 7-2 HW4
1-May-09 18 Work & Power 7 25 7-3 to 7-4
6
4-May-09 19 Potential Energy 10 26 8-1 to 8-2
Work-energy
5-May-09 20 Energy Conservation I 16 18 8-3 to 8-5
7-May-09 R2 Review & Extension - 44 - HW5
8-May-09 E2 EXAM 2 - Chapters 5-8
Lecture Schedule (Part 2)
We are here.
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 4/28
A satellite moves at constant speed in a circular
orbit about the center of the Earth and near the
surface of the Earth. If the magnitude of its
acceleration is g = 9.81 m/s
2
and the Earths
radius is 6,370 km, find:
(a) its speed v; and
(b) the time T required for one complete
revolution.
Example: A Satellites Motion
2
cp
v
a g
r
= =
3 2 3
(6, 370 10 m)(9.81 m/s ) 7.91 10 m/s 17, 700 mi/h v rg = = = =
3 3
2 / 2 (6, 370 10 m) /(7.91 10 m/s) 5, 060 s 84.3 min T r v t t = = = =
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 5/28
Circular Orbits (1)
Thought Experiment:
On an airless planet,
cannon balls are shot from a
cannon mounted on a tower
ar increasing muzzle
velocities, and go farther
and farther as the velocity
is increased.
What limits their range?
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 6/28
Circular Orbits (2)
( , toward center) w mg =
( , toward center) w mg =
2
( , toward center)
( )
, so
net
orbit
r orbit
F
a g
m
v
a g v rg
r
= =
= = =
6 2
(6.37 10 m)(9.80 m/s ) 7,900 m/s 16,000 mph
orbit
v rg = = = ~
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 7/28
Work Done by a Constant Force
The definition of work, when the force is
parallel to the displacement:
(7-1)
SI work unit: newton-meter (Nm) = joule, J
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 8/28
Typical Work
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 9/28
Work for Force at an Angle
If the force is at an angle to the displacement:
(7-3)
Only the horizontal component of the force
does any work (horizontal displacement).
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 10/28
Work Summary
Energy is transferred from
person to spring as the person
stretches the spring. This is
work.
W F x = A
cos
x
W F x F x u = A = A
Work = 0
SI Units for work:
1 joule = 1 J = 1 Nm
1 electron-volt = 1 eV = 1.602 x 10
-19
J
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 11/28
Work Done by a Constant Force
The work can also be written as the dot
product of the force F and the displacement d:
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 12/28
Negative and Positive Work
The work done may be positive, zero, or
negative, depending on the angle between the
force and the displacement:
October 24, 2008 Physics 114C - Lecture 16 13/24
Perpendicular Force and Work
A car is traveling on a curved
highway. The force due to friction f
s

points toward the center of the
circular path.
How much work does the frictional
force do on the car?
Zero!
General Result: A force that is
everywhere perpendicular to the
motion does no work.
October 24, 2008 Physics 114C - Lecture 16 14/24
Work on a System with
Many Forces
total 1 1 2 2 3 3 x x x
W F x F x F x = A + A + A +
Model the system as a particle a single x A
total 1 2 3
1 2 3 net
( )
x x x
x x x x
W F x F x F x
F F F x F x
= A + A + A +
= + + + A = A
October 24, 2008 Physics 114C - Lecture 16 15/24
Work Done by a Constant Force
If there is more than one force acting on an
object, we can find the work done by each force,
and also the work done by the net force:
(7-5)
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 16/28
Example: Pulling a Suitcase
A rope inclined upward at 45
o
pulls
a suitcase through the airport. The
tension on the rope is 20 N.

How much work does the tension
do, if the suitcase is pulled 100 m?
( )cos W T x u = A
(20 N)(100 m) cos 45 1410 J W = =
Note that the same work could have been done by a tension of just
14.1 N by pulling in the horizontal direction.
October 24, 2008 Physics 114C - Lecture 16 17/24
Gravitational Work
In lifting an object of weight mg by a height h, the
person doing the lifting does an amount of work W =mgh.
If the object is subsequently allowed to fall a
distance h, gravity does work W =mgh on the object.
W mgh =
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 18/28
Example: Loading with a Crane
A 3,000 kg truck is to be loaded onto a ship by a
crane that exerts an upward force of 31 kN on the
truck. This force, which is large enough to
overcome the gravitational force and keep the truck
moving upward, is applied over a distance of 2.0 m.
(a) Find the work done on the truck by the crane.
(b) Find the work done on the truck by gravity.
(c) Find the net work done on the truck.
app app
(31 kN)(2.0 m) 62 kJ
y
W F y = A = =
2
g
(3000 kg)( 9.81 m/s )(2.0 m) 58.9 kJ
y
W mg y = A = =
net app g
(62.0 kJ) ( 58.9 kJ) 3.1 kJ W W W = + = + =
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 19/28
Positive & Negative
Gravitational Work
When positive work is done on an object, its
speed increases; when negative work is done, its
speed decreases.
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 20/28
Kinetic Energy &
The Work-Energy Theorem
After algebraic manipulations of the equations
of motion, we find:
Therefore, we define the kinetic energy:
(7-6)
2 2 2 2
2 2
f i f i
v v a x mv mv F x = + A = + A
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 21/28
Kinetic Energy &
The Work-Energy Theorem
Work-Energy Theorem: The
total work done on an object is
equal to its change in kinetic
energy.
(7-7)
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 22/28
Clicker Question 1
b) 0.707 v a) 0.50 v e) 2.00 v

d) 1.414 v

c) v

Car 1 has twice the mass of Car 2, but
they both have the same kinetic energy.
If the speed of Car 1 is v, approximately
what is the speed of Car 2?
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 23/28
Problem Solving Strategy
Picture: The way you choose the +y direction or the +x direction can help
you to easily solve a problem that involves work and kinetic energy.
Solve:
1. Draw the particle first at its initial position and second at its final
position. For convenience, the object can be represented as a dot or box.
Label the initial and final positions of the object.
2. Put one or more coordinate axes on the drawing.
3. Draw arrows for the initial and final velocities, and label them
appropriately.
4. On the initial-position drawing of the particle, place a labeled vector for
each force acting on it.
5. Calculate the total work done on the particle by the forces and equate
this total to the change in the particles kinetic energy.
Check: Make sure you pay attention to negative signs during your
calculations. For example, values for work done can be positive or negative,
depending on the direction of the displacement relative to the direction of
the force. Kinetic energy values, however, are always positive.
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 24/28
Example: A Dogsled Race
During your winter break, you enter a
dogsled race across a frozen lake, in which
the sleds are pulled by people instead of dogs.
To get started, you pull the sled (mass 80 kg)
with a force of 180 N at 40 above the
horizontal. The sled moves Ax = 5.0 m,
starting from rest. Assume that there is no
friction.
(a) Find the work you do.
(b) Find the final speed of your sled.
total you
cos
(180 N)(cos 40 )(5.0 m) 689 J
x
W W F x F x u = = A = A
= =
1 1 1 2 2 2
total
2 2 2
f i f
W mv mv mv = =
2
total
2
f
W
v
m
=
total
2 2(689 J)
4.15 m/s
(80 kg)
f
W
v
m
= = =
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 25/28
Example: Work and Kinetic
Energy in a Rocket Launch
A 150,000 kg rocket is launched straight
up. The rocket engine generates a thrust of
4.0 x 10
6
N.

What is the rockets speed at a height of
500 m? (Ignore air resistance and mass loss
due to burned fuel.)
6 9
thrust thrust
( ) (4.0 10 N)(500 m) 2.0 10 J W F y = A = =
4 2 9
grav
( ) ( ) (1.5 10 kg)(9.80 m/s )(500 m) 0.74 10 J W w y mg y = A = A = =
1 2 9
thrust grav
2
0 1.26 10 J K mv W W A = = + =
2
129.6 m/s
K
v
m
A
= =
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 26/28
Example: Pushing a Puck
A 500 g ice hockey puck slides across
frictionless ice with an initial speed of
2.0 m/s. A compressed air gun is used to
exert a continuous force of 1.0 N on the
puck to slow it down as it moves 0.50 m.
The air gun is aimed at the front edge of
the puck, with the compressed air flow
30
o
below the horizontal.
What is the pucks final speed?
( ) cos (1.0 N)(0.5 m) cos150 0.433 J W F r u = A = =
1 1 2 2
1 0
2 2
K mv mv W A = =
2 2
1 0
2 2( 0.433 J)
(2.0 m/s) 1.51 m/s
(0.5 kg)
W
v v
m

= + = + =
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 27/28
Example: Work on an Electron
In a television picture tube, electrons are accelerated
by an electron gun. The force that accelerates the
electron is an electric force due to the electric field
in the gun. An electron is accelerated from rest by an
electron gun to an energy of 2.5 keV (2,500 eV) over a distance
of 2.5 cm. (1 eV = 1.60 x 10
-19
J)
Find the force on the electron, assuming that it is constant and in the
direction of the electrons motion.
19
14
(2,500 ev)(1.6 10 J/eV) 0
(0.025 m)
1.6 10 N
f i
x
K K
F
x

= =
A
=
x f i
F x K K A =
total
W K = A
April 30, 2009 Physics 114B - Lecture 17 28/28
Before Friday, read Walker Chapter 7.3-4
Homework Assignments #4 should be
submitted using the Tycho system by
11:59 PM on Thursday, April 30 (Tonight!)
(24 hours late 70% credit)
Register your clicker, using the Clicker
link on the Physics 114B Syllabus page.
End of Lecture 17