dr. Susianti, M.Sc.

GENERAL FEATURE A. General Function

Transport and homeostatic distribution of:

Oxygen Nutrients Wastes Body fluids and solutes Body heat Immune system components

B. Two Subsystems

Cardiovascular system

4 types of components: - Heart - Arteries - Veins - Capillaries

Lymphatic vascular system

3 types of vessels:
- Lymphatic capillaries - Lymphatic vessels - Lymphatic ducts

C. Walls of the Blood and Lymphatic Vessels

Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica adventitia

3 concentric layers or tunics: 1. Tunica Intima (innermost layer)

Endothelium & Subendothelium Internal elastic lamina

2.

Tunica Media (middle layer)

Smooth muscle External elastic lamina

3.

Tunica Adventitia (outermost layer)

Colagen,elastic fibers, smooth muscle Vasa vasorum

Vasa vasorum

BLOOD VESSELS
A. Blood Capillaries

Smallest, 7-9 m Wall: simple squamous epithelial (endothelial) cell, outer surface:basal lamina They commonly occur as components of perfusion of anastomosing (interconnecting)channels CAPILLARY BEDS

Cells of capillaries:
1.

Endothelial cells : chief component, simple

squamous epithelial cells,with pinocytotic vessicles, organelles and filaments
At the central: nucleus bulge At the peripher: thin=0.2 m Function: - Converting Angiotensin I II - Inactivating bioactive compounds - Breaking down lipoprotein - Preventing thrombus - Participating in capillary transport

2.

Pericytes or adventitial cells :

Small mesenchymal cell scattered along capillaries Surronded by its own basal lamina Cling by long cytoplasmic processes May differentiate into a variety of cell types

Transport across capillary walls: Capillaries = exchange vessels Major sites for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and other substance between blood and other tissue. Types of Capillaries:

Continous capillaries Fenestrated capillaries Sinusoidal capillaries

Types of Capillaries:
1.

2.

Continous capillaries - Smooth and nonporus endothelial lining - Muscles, brain, peripheral nerves. Fenestrated capillaries - Endothelial cells perforates by pores (fenestra) - 2 types: - Unobstructed pores - Pores covered by thin diaphragms - Kidneys,intestines, endocrine glands

3. Sinusoidal capillaries - Have unusually wide lumens (30-40 m) - Follow a tortuous path - Have gaps between their endothelial cells - Have abundant fenestrations - Often have phagocytic cells - Surrounded by a discontinous basal lamina -Hepar, bone marrow, spleen

Continuous 2a b

Fenestrated

Discontinuous

Capillary : Continuous Endothelium Type

Fenestrated Capillary

B. Arteries

Have thicker tunica media Large (elastic) artery: Contain more elastin in their media and adventitia Distinguished by internal and external elastic laminae Incross section: appear rounder than veins, with thicker walls and smaller lumens.

Comparison and Classification of Arteries

Type Tunica Intima Tunica Media
Contains

Tunica Adventitia
Thin

Elastic, Thicker than muscular large or arteries conducting Internal elastic lamina +

relative to the elastin diameter of vessel Reticular fibers + External elastic Chondroitin sulfate + lamina +
Thick(<<

abundant

Muscular, Contain tipical mediumendothelium & sized,or subendothelium distributing connective tissue arteries Internal elastic lamina +
Arterioles
Typically

40layers) of Relatively thin smooth muscle Mostly collagen Collagen & elastic fibers fiber + Proteoglycan +
1-5

endothelium Often lack subendothelium & internal elastic lamina

Typically

layers of smooth muscle

Very

thin Composeof collagen fibers

Indistunguishable

Metarteriole s

endothelium Subendothelium con tissue

Incomplete

single layer of smooth muscle

Arteriole Muscular artery

Metarteriole

Capillary bed

Simplified schematic diagram of the vessels of the blood vascular system. Schematic cross sections of the various types of vessels are also shown. Compare the relative thickness of the 3 tunics in the cross-sections : intima (white, media (heavy stipple) and adventitia (light stipple).

1. Adventitia

4. Intimae

2. Elastic lamellae in media 5. Internal elastic membrane

3. Smooth muscle in media (unstained)

Large Artery : Aorta (Transverse Section)

Internal Elastic Lamina media Adventitia

Photomicrograph of a section of muscular artery stained by Weigerts method for elastic

structures

Endothelium

Internal elastic lamina Intima Endothelium

Media

Adventitia

Diagram comparing the structure of a muscular artery (left) and accompanying vein (right). Note that the tunica lamina and tunica media the highly development in the artery but not in the vein

Elastic artery : Aorta

Small Muscular Artery / Large Arteriole

Muscular Artery

Small Muscular Artery / Large Arteriole

C. Veins

In cross section: Often appear collapsed Have thinner walls than arteries Characterized by a thicker adventitia, in larger veins: longitudinal smooth muscle Contains valves (fibroelastic connective tissue covered by endothelium)

Comparison and Classification of Veins

Type Large Veins Tunica Intima
Thicker

Tunica Media

Tunica Adventitia
Collagen

layer of Several layers of subendothelium smooth muscle Extensions of intima Reticular & collagen valves fibers + Elastin is sparse
Typically

& longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle

Relatively

Small and mediumsized veins Venules

endothelium Less subendothelium Vewer valves

Typically

Thin

relative to vessel diameter Few elastic fibers

Very

thick Mostly collagen fibers

Very

endothelium Lack of valves

thin

thin Mostly collagen fibers

Large muscular vein

Tunica media

Tunica adventitia

Vasa vasorum

Vein

Tunica media

Tunica adventitia

Intima Media

Adventitia

Photomicrograph of a section of a larger vein. Observe the well-developed adventitia with characteristic longitudinal smooth muscle bundles.

D. Portal Systems

Carry blood directly from one capillary bed to another without first returning to the heart Hepatic portal veins Hypophyseal portal veins Efferent arterioles of the renal

E. Carotid and aortic Bodies

Unencapsulated chemoreceptors comprise clumps and cords of epithelioid cells Carotid bodies: at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery Left aortic body: in the wall of the aorta Right aortic body: in the angle between the comon carotid and subclavian Change of blood oxygen, CO2, pH levels generate nerve impulses

F. Carotid Sinus

The unencapsulated chemoreceptor at the bifurcation of the common carotid Consist of a dilation of the arterial lumen and a thin media Outer portion: many nerve endings Acts as a baroreceptor

G. Arteriovenous Anastomoses

Direct connection between artery and veins that regulate blood flow Glomera: complex anastomoses between arterioles and venules, occur mainly in the finger pads, nail beds, and ears Arteriole of glomera: lack of internal elastic lamina, have more smooth muscle in their media.

H. Blood and Nerve Supply to Blood Vessels

Oxygen, nutrients, and wastes cannot reach all cell walls of the larger arteries and veins by simple diffusion from lumen Vasa vasorum ( vessels of the vessels) Unmyelinated vasomotor fibers (sympathetic fibers) stimulate smooth muscle contraction

HEART
A. Chambers

4 chambers:

2 atria - Thinner wall - At the base (top) of the heart - Collecting returning blood 2 ventricles: - Thicker wall - In the body and apex of the heart

HEART : LEFT ATRIUM AND VENTRICLE (PANORAMIC VIEW, LONGITUDINAL SECTION)

1. Endocardium of atrium 2. Myocardium of atrium 10. Coronary artery

11. Coronary sinus

12. Coronary vein with valve

3. Annulus fibrosus 4. Mitral valve : a. Endocardium b.Connective tissue core 13. Epicardium of atrium 14. Subepicardial connective tissue and fat

5. Chorda tendina
6. Endocardium of ventricle 7. Myocardium of ventricle 8. Purkinje fibers (conduction fibers) 9. Plate A

15. Perimysial septa with blood vessels 16. Epicardium and subepicardium of ventricle 17. Columnae carneae

18. Apex of papillary muscle

B. Tunics
1.

Endocarium - Inner layer - Intima:

Endothelium Subendothelial connective tissue (elastic fibers and some smooth muscles) Subendocardium ( layer of areolar tissue)

2.

Myocardium - Middle layer - Consist mainly cardiac muscles fibers - Each cardiac muscle fiber: Endomysium - Each fascicle of fibers: Perimysium - Atrial and ventricular cardiac muscle

3.

Epicardium - Visceral pericardium - The outermost tunic - Serosa: single layer of squamous Mesothelium mesothelial cell - Thin basal lamina - Subepicardial connective (areolar) tissue

Adipose tissue

Fibroelastic tissue

Heart : wall of ventricle

C. Cardiac Skeleton

Dense fibrous connective tissue Cardiac muscle insert and the cores of the cardiac valves extend 3 major groups of components:

Annuli fibrosae Trigona fibrosae Septum membranaceum

D. Cardiac Valves

Each is a fold endocardium enclosing a platelike core of dense connective tissue Tricuspid valve

3 flaps/cusps Between the right atrium and ventricle Papillary muscles Chordae tendinae= fibrous cord

Dicuspid or mitral valve

2 flaps/cusps Between the left atrium and ventricle Papillary muscles Chorda tendinae 3 semilunar cusps Not attached by chordae tendinae Have nodule at the center Aortic & pulmonary valve

Semilunar valves

Heart Valve

E. Impulse-Generating and Conducting System

Sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker node Atrioventricular (AV) node Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (of His) Right and left bundle branches Purkinje fibers Ventricular cardiac muscle cells

Aorta
Superior vena cava Left bundle branch Anterior fascicle Sinoatrial node

Atrioventricular node Bundle of His Right bundle branch Posterior fascicle

Purkinje system

Diagram of the heart, showing the impulsegenerating and conducting system

PURKINJE FIBERS (CONDUCTION FIBERS)

1. Endocardium 2. Purkinje fibers (t.s) 3. Transitional fiber

4. Purkinje fibers (l.s) 5. Myocardial fibers (l.s and t.s)

F. Blood Supply to the Heart

The coronary arteries Coronary sinus vena cava

G. Lymphatic of the Heart

Contain abundant lymphatic capillaries Myocardium epicardial connective tissue

H. Innervation of the Heart

Myelinated and unmyelinated autonomic motor fibers

Sympathetic: HR Parasympathetic: HR

LYMPHATIC VESSELS
A. Lymphatic Vessels and Ducts

Have walls resemble those of veins Presence of valve Adventitia is thin and lacks smooth muscle Media: longitudinal & circular smooth muscle

Small lymphatic vessel

Small lymphatic vessel

Venule

Blood and Lymphatic Vessels

1. Arteriole 2. Nerves (t.s) 3. Venule (o.s) 4. Small (terminal) artery tunica media 5. Arteriole 6. Tunica adventitia of small artery 7. Vein (o.s) 14. Nerve 15. Vasa vasorum 16. Endothelium 17. Subendothelial layer 18. Vein with blood clot 19. Internal elastic membrane 20. Capillaries 8. Arteriole with a clot (l.s) 21. Small (terminal) artery 22. Medium-sized vein 23. Nerves (t.s) 24. Endothelium 13. Adipose tissue

9. Capillary (l.s) with erythrocytes

10. Venule 11.Capillary 12. Lymphatic vessel with valve

25. Tunica media

26. Tunica adventitia 27. Vein (o.s) 28. Adipose tissue

Valve of a lymphatic vessel

B. Lymphatic Capillaries

Resemble blood capillaries Larger diameter (up to 100 m) and a thinner basal lamina Lack fenestrations and have fewer tight junctions

C. Route of the Lymph

Lympathic capillaries Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic ducts (thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct) Venous system (junction of jugular and subclavian veins)