Performance of LTE system

(Different MCS in different speed)

modick
Feb 10, 2014
Channel Model
Propagation model is defined channel impulse
response.
Channel response defines the behavior of
channel in terms of channel power delay
profile i.e. tap delay t and absolute power at
delay P(t).
Coherence time of fading channel =

where f
m
is maximum doppler
frequency



t1 t2 t3 t4
P(t1)
P(t2)
P(t3)
P(t4)
1
2 2
c
d c
c
T
f vf
= =

Channel Model
If the symbol duration > coherence time (T
c
)
then it is called fast fading otherwise it is
called slow fading or block fading.
LTEs useful symbol duration is 66.67sec.
Fast fading channel frequency dispersion due
to Doppler spreading is
In slow fading channel dispersion (change in
channel impulse response) is less within the
symbol duration.
Channel Model
rms delay spread of a channel delay profile is
defined as


Rms delay spread can used to define
coherence bandwidth
If channel bandwidth then it flat fading,
which means channel response remains
constant otherwise it is known as frequency
selective fading.
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
( )
( )
( )
k k k k
k k
k k
k k
a P
where
P a
t
o t t
t t t
t
t
=
= =


( )
1 5
c
B
t
o ~
S c
B B <<
Channel Model
Intersymbol Interference (ISI)
If we consider x[m] as input signal, h[m] is
channel response, y[m] are output signal and
w[m] is noise.


if m = 3 and L = 3 (L is Channel length)then,

we can see previous symbols x[2] and x[1] is
affecting y[3].
Equalizing is one method used to reduce ISI.

1
0
[ ] [ ]* [ ] [ ], 0
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ], 0
L
l
y m h m x m w m m
y m h l x m l w m m

=
= + >
= + >

[3] [0]. [3] [1].x[2] [2]. [1] [3] y h x h h x w = + + +

Equalization
It is a method to guess channel delay profile
and cancel out the channel effect.
If y[n] are signal received and d[n] are desired
signal then square of error e[n] = (y[n]-d[n])
2
.
if y[n] is output of received signal r[n] after
passing through filter (i.e. equalizer) g[n] of
length M.
MMSE will try to minimize MSE w.r.t. g[m],
m=0,1, ,M-1
LS equalizer will find weights that minimizes





1
[ ] [ ] [ ]
M
m
y n r n g n m
=
=

2
2
1
[ ] [ ] [ ]
M
k
m
MSE E e E d n r n g n m
=
(
| |
(
= = (
|

( \ .

2
2
1 1
[ ] [ ] [ ]
K M
k
k m
e d n r n g n m
= =
| |
=
|
\ .

Different Equalizers [1]
The equalizer can perform for the block fading and fast
fading.
Utilizing Block fading equalizer means considering only
one time estimation of channel per a transmission
block.
Fast fading equalizers consider the fact that the
channel are changing rapidly within a single block and
use multiple pilots symbols.
[1] has shown that the performance of fast fading
equalizers are very robust till 100km/hr. [Link]
Performance of LS block equalizers are not perfect in
the range of 0-120 km/hr.
ITU Channel Model

LTE use ITU channel models to simulate the performance of
the system.
P1, P2, , P3 are the path gains given by the channel models
such as Extended Vehicular Channel (EVA), Extended
Pedestrian Channel (EPA), Typical Urban (TU) etc.
TN
T5
T4
T1
T2
T3
Z
-1
Z
-1
Z
-1
Z
-1
Z
-1
P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4
P
5
P
N
IN
Choose Doppler Spectrum
1. Flat
2. Rounded or
3. Jake
+
*
*
*
*
*
*
Extended ITU Pedestrian Model (PedA)
Tap
Relative delay
(ns)
Average
power (dB)
Doppler
spectrum
1 0 0 classic
2 30 -1 classic
3 70 -2 classic
4 80 -3 classic
5 110 -8 classic
6 190 -17.2 classic
7 410 -20.8 classic
Extended ITU Vehicular (VehA)
Tap
Relative
delay (ns)
Average
power (dB)
Doppler
spectrum
1 0 0 classic
2 30 -1.5 classic
3 150 -1.4 classic
4 310 -3.6 classic
5 370 -0.6 classic
6 710 -9.1 classic
7 1090 -7 classic
8 1730 -12 classic
9 2510 -16.9 classic
Extended ITU Typical urban (TU)
Tap
Relative delay
(ns)
Average power
(dB)
Doppler
spectrum
1 0 -1 classic
2 50 -1 classic
3 120 -1 classic
4 200 0 classic
5 230 0 classic
6 500 0 classic
7 1600 -3 classic
8 2300 -5 classic
9 5000 -7 classic
ITU Channel Model
ITU channel model has three types
of channel defined for Pedestrian
(PedA), Vehicular(VehA) and Typical
Urban (TU) environments.
The relative delay and average tap
power is also defined in the
standards.
The Doppler Spectrum is Classical
model or Clarke Gilbert Model [1]
Channel Simulation Methodology
Discrete Multipath Channel Model
A discrete multipath channel model is tapped delay line
(TDL) whose impulse response can be defined as

where is complex channel coefficients and are
the time varying delays.
For time invariant case and
( )
1
( ( ), ) ( ( ), ). ( ( ))
K t
k k k
k
c t t a t t t t t o t t
=
=

( ( ), )
k k
a t t t ( )
k
t t
( ) K K t =
( )
k k
t t t =
( )
1
( , ) ( ). ( ( ))
K t
k k
k
c t a t t t o t t
=
=

Fading Channel Model

Channel Simulation Methodology
Doppler Filtering: Generates desired Doppler
power spectrum.
Jakes Doppler Spectrum:

Flat Doppler Spectrum

Gaussian Doppler Spectrum

2
1/ 4
1/ 4
1
( ) ,
1 ( )
[ ] (3/ 4) (2 (m M/ 2) t ), for 0,1, , 1
(m M/ 2) t
j d
d d
d
j d s
s
S f f f
f f f
f
h m J f m M
t
t
t
= s

| |
= I = |
|

\ .
1
( ) ,
2
[ ] 2 sin (2 (m M/ 2) t ), for 0,1, , 1
f d
d
f d d s
S f f f
f
h m f c f m M
= s
= =
2
2
2
1/ 4 2 2 2
1
( ) exp
2
2
[ ] (2 ) exp( 4 ((m M/ 2) t ) ), for 0,1, , 1
g
g
g
g g s
f
S f
h m m M
o
to
t o t o
| |
= |
|
\ .
= =
Fading Channel Model
Channel Simulation Methodology
In order to reduce the Gibbs phenomenon
attributed by truncation, the sampled impulse
responses are multiplied with windows
(e.g. Hamming Window) and then normalized.


After Windowing, Fading process is
Interpolation filter with sampling rate 2
maximum Doppler shift giving filter
coefficients .
[ ]
D
h m [ ] w m
1 2
0
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [m]
w D H
M
norm w w
m
h m h m w m
h m h m h

=
=
=

[ ]
k
z n
Fading Channel Model
Channel Simulation Methodology
Path Gain Scaling: Path Scaling is done using
the factor which is Doppler power
spectrum which gives

Where Rician fading factor on the path k
and phase shift.
2
( )
k k
E a t
(
O =

, , ,
(2 ) ,
,
,
[ ]
[ ] 1, 2, , .
1
1
d LOS k LOS k
j f r K
k
k k
r K
r K
K
z n
a n e for k K
K
K
t u +
(
(
= O + =
+
( +

, r K
K
, , d LOS k
f
Performance Measurement Parameter
Block Error Rate (BLER)
Throughput
If high BLER then throughput will be low and
less BLER will less block loss thus higher
throughput
BLER and Throughput
BLER is the ratio of number of correct block
received to the total number of block sent.
Number of block transmitted is defined by the
MCS, Bandwidth, Number of subcarriers,
Number of Resource Blocks and Antenna
Configuration.
Maximizing Throughput is the main objective
of LTE (LTE-A) system [1].
Number of Blocks
Bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 5,10, 15, 20 MHz but only 90% is
used because 10% is used for guard band (except 1.4
MHz)
Since LTE has 15 KHz sub carrier spacing. For 20
MHz then effective bandwidth = 90% of 20MHz = 18 KHz.
Number of subcarriers = 18 MHz/ 15 KHz
Number of Resource Blocks = 18 MHz/ 180 KHz = 100 [1 RB =
12 subcarrier x 7 OFDM symbols]



1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Effective BW allocated 72 180 300 600 900 1200
Theroretical number of
subcarriers
~93.3 200 ~333.3 ~666.6 1000 ~1333.3
Number of occupied
subcarrier
72
6 RB
180
15 RB
300
25 RB
600
50 RB
900
75 RB
1200
100 RB
MCS defines the Modulation Scheme (QPSK,
16 QAM, 64 QAM) and Code Rate. MCS is
defined by Channel Quality Index (CQI).
Antenna configuration (Category 1-8) defines
maximum MIMO layers. 8 being the highest
till Release 10.


Number of Blocks / Throughput
Relation Between Throughput and BLER
According to [4], The spectral efficiency
(Throughput) = (1 BLER).maximum
throughput
Note: Results were converted from
Throughput to BLER.
Parameters Used [3]

Bandwidth 1.4 MHz
User Velocity (km/h) 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100,120
CQI 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,12,15
Channel Type ITU VehA
Number of subframes 500
SNR (dB) -5 to 45
Configuration Mode 3 (Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing (OLSM))
Equalizer Least Square (LS) for block fading
Fading Model Fast Fading (Block Fading model still needs
simulations [Future work])
Number of transmit antennas 4
Number of received antennas 2

Different Transmission Modes of LTE
Note: results can be generated using LTE_sim_batch_michal_wsa_2010 script file mentioned in [3]
Results (CQI 01)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
B
L
E
R

SNR (dB)
BLER Performance for different velocity for CQI 01
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Results (CQI 02)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
B
L
E
R

SNR (dB)
BLER Performance for different velocity for CQI 02
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Results (CQI 04)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
B
L
E
R

SNR (dB)
BLER Performance for different velocity for CQI 04
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Results (CQI 06)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
B
L
E
R

SNR (dB)
BLER Performance for different velocity for CQI 06
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Results (CQI 07)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
B
L
E
R

SNR (dB)
BLER Performance for different velocity for CQI 07
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Results (CQI 08)
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
B
L
E
R

SNR (dB)
BLER Performance for different velocity for CQI 08
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Results (CQI 10)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
12.5 14.5 16.5 18.5 20.5 22.5
B
L
E
R


SNR (dB)
BLER Performance for different velocity for CQI 10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Results (CQI 12)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
18 23 28 33 38 43
B
L
E
R

SNR (dB)
BLER Performance for different velocity for CQI 12
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Results (CQI 15)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
25 30 35 40 45
B
L
E
R

SNR (dB)
BLER Performance for different velocity for CQI 15

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Discussion
Higher CQI value have more information carrying capacity
due to less coding and higher modulation order.
Higher CQI value means it has more modulation bit per
symbols (i.e. For CQI 1-6 (QPSK), For CQI 7-9 (16QAM) and
For CQI 10-15 (64QAM)).
The performance against noise and Doppler fading will be
QPSK>16QAM>64QAM
Information per symbol carrying capacity 64QAM > 16QAM
> QPSK [7].
The increase in value of CQI will reduce the Cyclic
Redundancy Code bits hence, higher code rate as A lower
code rate means the more redundancy bits are inserted
during the channel coding process and a higher code rate
means that less redundancy bits are inserted.



X
CQI Table
Throughput vs. speed [2]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
User Speed [km/h]
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

[
M
b
i
t
s
/
s
]


LS block (CQI 10)
LS block (CQI 08)
LS block (CQI 04)
LS block (CQI 02)
LS block (CQI 01)
Bandwidth 1.4 MHz
Speed 0-300 km/h
CQI 1, 2, 4, 8, 10
Receiver Type SSD
Channel Type ITU VehA
Number of subframes 500
Fading Type Block fading
SNR 20 dB
References
1. R. Jain, An Overview of Long Term Evolution Advanced, download:
http://www1.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-10/ftp/lte-adv/index.html
2. A. Jemmali and J. Conan, Performance Evaluation of MIMO Schemes in 5 MHz
Bandwidth LTE System, The Eigth International Conference on Wireless and
Mobile Communications (ICWMC), Venice, Italy, June 24-29, 2012.
3. M. Simko, C. Mehlfuhrer, M. Wrulich and M. Rupp, Doubly Dispersive Channel
Estimation with Scalable Complexity, Proceeding of International ITG
Workshop on Smart Antennas, Bremen, Germany, Feb, 2010.
4. B. E. Priyanto and T. B. Sorensen, Single-Carrier Transmission for UTRA LTE
Uplink, in .Long Term Evolution: 3GPP LTE radio and cellular technology,
Auerbach, 2009, ch. 6, pp. 181212.
5. T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2
nd
Ed.,
Pearson publication.
6. Iskander, C. D., A MATLAB Object-Oriented Approach to Multipath Fading
Channel Simulation
7. http://www.berk.tc/combas/digital_mod.pdf
8. LTE Transmission Modes and Beamforming: White Paper, Bernhard Schulz,
Rohde and Schwarz

Results of [3]
Results of [3]
Back
Different Transmission Modes In LTE
LTE has 7 transmission modes
To parameters Used
Transmission
Mode
Transmission scheme
1 Single antenna port, port 0 (SISO)
2 Transmit diversity
3 Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing (OLSM) Transmit Diversity if
associated rank indicator is 1, otherwise large delay CDD
CDD is a diversity scheme used in OFDM based telecommunication systems,
transforming spatial diversity into frequency diversity avoiding ISI
Can gain frequency diversity at the receiver without changing the SISO
structure.
4 Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing (CLSM)
5 Multiuser MIMO
6 CLSM with a single transmission layer
7 If the number of PBCH antenna ports is one, Single antenna
port, port 0; otherwise Transmit diversity
OLSM and CLSM
Open Loop Approach
In open loop MIMO system with N
t
transmission antennas and Nr receiver
antennas, the input-output relationship can be described as
y = Hx+n
Where x =[x
1
,x
2
,,x
Nt
]
T
is N
t
x1 vector of transmitted symbols, y, n, are N
r
x1
vectors of received symbols and noise respectively and H is the N
r
xN
t
matrix of
channel coefficient.
OLSM has fault guarding against highly correlated channels.

Closed Loop approach
A Closed loop MIMO uses Channel State Information CSI at the transmitter.
the input-output relationship can be described as
y = HWs+n
Where s =[s
1
,s
2
,,s
Nt
]
T
is N
s
x1 vector of transmitted symbols, y, n, are N
r
x1
vectors of received symbols and noise respectively. H is the N
r
xN
t
matrix of
channel coefficient and W is the N
t
xN
s
linear precoding matrix
Precoding matrix W is used to precode the symbols in the vector in the vector
to enhance the performance.
N
s
<N
t
but N
s
N
t
To parameters Used
OLSM and CLSM
Precoding Matrix Indicator
To parameters Used