Noun, Pronoun, Adjective

By Ting Yu Yong Lee Yong Han Taye Zhi Hui Yong Jia Min

NOUN
A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, pla e, thing, and a!stra t idea" Nouns are usually the #irst words whi h small hildren learn" The highlighted words in the #ollowing senten es are all nouns$ Late last year our neighbours !ought a goat" Portia White was an opera singer" A noun an #un tion in a senten e as a su!%e t, a dire t o!%e t, an indire t o!%e t, a su!%e t omplement, an o!%e t omplement, an appositi&e, an ad%e ti&e or an ad&er!"

TY'( O) NOUN
Noun Gender Many ommon nouns, li*e +engineer+ or +tea her,+ an re#er to men or women" (,ample$ -" .a&id /arri * was a &ery prominent eighteenth0 entury a tor" 1" 2arah 2iddons was at the height o# her areer as an a tress in the -345s" Noun Plurals Most nouns hange their #orm to indi ate num!er !y adding +0s+ or +0es+, as illustrated in the #ollowing pairs o# senten es$ (,ample$ -" 6hen Matthew was small he rarely told the truth i# he thought he was going to !e punished" 1" Many people do not !elie&e that truths are sel#0e&ident"

Possessive Nouns 7n the possessi&e ase, a noun or pronoun hanges its #orm to show that it owns or is losely related to something else" Usually, nouns !e ome possessi&e !y adding a om!ination o# an apostrophe and the letter +s"+ You an #orm the possessi&e ase o# a singular noun that does not end in +s+ !y adding an apostrophe and +s,+ as in the #ollowing senten es$ (,ample$ -" The red suit ase is Cassandra's" 1" The only luggage that was lost was the prime minister's"

Proper Nouns You always write a proper noun with a apital letter, sin e the noun represents the name o# a spe i#i person, pla e, or thing" The names o# days o# the wee*, months, histori al do uments, institutions, organi8ations, religions, their holy te,ts and their adherents are proper nouns" A proper noun is the opposite o# a ommon noun 7n ea h o# the #ollowing senten es, the proper nouns are highlighted$ (,ample$ -" Asoka was a wise *ing" 1" Many people dread Monday mornings"

Common Nouns A common noun is a noun re#erring to a person, pla e, or thing in a general sense 0 usually, you should write it with a apital letter only when it !egins a senten e" A ommon noun is the opposite o# a proper noun" 7n ea h o# the #ollowing senten es, the ommon nouns are highlighted$ (,ample$ -" A ording to the sign, the nearest town is 95 miles away" 1" All the gardens in the neighbourhood were in&aded !y beetles this summer"

Concrete Nouns

A on rete noun is the name o# something or someone that we e,perien e through our senses, sight, hearing, smell, tou h or taste" Most nouns are on rete nouns" The opposite o# a on rete noun is an a!stra t noun" :ats, dogs, ta!les, hairs, !uses, and tea hers are all on rete nouns"
(,ample$ -" The judge handed the iles to the clerk"

Abstract Nouns

An a!stra t noun is a noun that you annot sense, it is the name we gi&e to an emotion, ideal or idea" They ha&e no physi al e,isten e, you an;t see, hear, tou h, smell or taste them" The opposite o# an a!stra t noun is a on rete noun" For example:-Justi e< an idea, !ra&ery and happiness are all a!stra t nouns"
(,ample$ -" Buying the #ire e,tinguisher was an a terthought" 1" Tillie is amused !y people who are nostalgi a!out childhood"

Countable Nouns A countable noun =or count noun> is a noun with !oth a singular and a plural #orm, and it names anything =or anyone> that you an count" You an ma*e a ounta!le noun plural and atta h it to a plural &er! in a senten e" :ounta!le nouns are the opposite o# non0 ounta!le nouns and olle ti&e nouns"

(,ample$ -" 6e painted the table red and the chairs !lue" 1" 2in e he inherited his aunt's library, Jerome spends e&ery weekend inde,ing his books"

!ncountable Nouns A non"countable noun =or mass noun> is a noun whi h does not ha&e a plural #orm, and whi h re#ers to something that you ould =or would> not usually ount" A non0 ounta!le noun always ta*es a singular &er! in a senten e" Non0 ounta!le nouns are similar to olle ti&e nouns, and are the opposite o# ounta!le nouns"

(,ample$ -" Joseph 'riestly dis o&ered o#ygen" $% Water is essential to human li#e" ?" The word +o,ygen+ and @waterA annot normally !e made plural"

Collective Nouns A collective noun is a noun naming a group o# things, animals, or persons" You ould ount the indi&idual mem!ers o# the group, !ut you usually thin* o# the group as a whole is generally as one unit" You need to !e a!le to re ogni8e olle ti&e nouns in order to maintain su!%e t0&er! agreement" A olle ti&e noun is similar to a non0 ounta!le noun, and is roughly the opposite o# a ounta!le noun" (,ample $ -" The lock o# geese spends most o# its time in the pasture" 1" The olle ti&e noun +#lo *+ ta*es the singular &er! +spends"+ ?" The jury is dining on ta*e0out hi *en tonight"

7n this e,ample the olle ti&e noun +%ury+ is the su!%e t o# the singular ompound &er! +is dining"+

'BONOUN
A pronoun an repla e a noun or another pronoun" You use pronouns li*e +he,+ +whi h,+ +none,+ and +you+ to ma*e your senten es less um!ersome and less repetiti&e" /rammarians lassi#y pronouns into se&eral types, in luding the personal pronoun, the demonstrati&e pronoun, the interrogati&e pronoun, the inde#inite pronoun, the relati&e pronoun, the re#le,i&e pronoun, and the intensi&e pronoun"

TY'( O) 'BONOUN
Personal Pronouns A personal pronoun re#ers to a spe i#i person or thing and hanges its #orm to indi ate person, num!er, gender, and ase" &ubjective Personal Pronouns A subjective personal pronoun indi ates that the pronoun is a ting as the su!%e t o# the senten e" The su!%e ti&e personal pronouns are +7,+ +you,+ +she,+ +he,+ +it,+ +we,+ +you,+ +they"@ '% ( was glad to #ind the !us pass in the !ottom o# the green *napsa *" $% )ou are surely the strangest hild ( ha&e e&er met"

*bjective Personal Pronouns An objective personal pronoun indi ates that the pronoun is a ting as an o!%e t o# a &er!, ompound &er!, preposition, or in#initi&e phrase" The o!%e ti&e personal pronouns are$ +me,+ +you,+ +her,+ +him,+ +it,+ +us,+ +you,+ and +them"@ -" 2eamus stole the sel*ie;s s*in and #or ed her to li&e with him" The o!%e ti&e personal pronoun +her+ is the dire t o!%e t o# the &er! +#or ed+ and the o!%e ti&e personal pronoun +him+ is the o!%e t o# the preposition +with"@ 1" A#ter reading the pamphlet, Judy threw it into the gar!age an" The pronoun +it+ is the dire t o!%e t o# the &er! +threw"+

Possessive Personal Pronouns A possessive pronoun indi ates that the pronoun is a ting as a mar*er o# possession and de#ines who owns a parti ular o!%e t or person" The possessive personal pronouns are +mine,+ +yours,+ +hers,+ +his,+ +its,+ +ours,+ and +theirs"+ Note that possessi&e personal pronouns are &ery similar to possessi&e ad%e ti&es li*e +my,+ +her,+ and +their"+ -" The smallest gi#t is mine" Here the possessi&e pronoun +mine+ #un tions as a su!%e t omplement"

1" This is yours" Here too the possessi&e pronoun +yours+ #un tions as a su!%e t omplement"

+emonstrative Pronouns A demonstrative pronoun points to and identi#ies a noun or a pronoun" +This+ and +these+ re#er to things that are near!y either in spa e or in time, while +that+ and +those+ re#er to things that are #arther away in spa e or time" '% ,his must not ontinue" Here +this+ is used as the su!%e t o# the ompound &er! +must not ontinue"@ $% ,his is puny< that is the tree 7 want" 7n this e,ample +this+ is used as su!%e t and re#ers to something lose to the spea*er" The demonstrati&e pronoun +that+ is also a su!%e t !ut re#ers to something #arther away #rom the spea*er"

(nterrogative Pronouns An interrogative pronoun is used to as* Cuestions" The interrogati&e pronouns are +who,+ +whom,+ +whi h,+ +what+ and the ompounds #ormed with the su##i, +e&er+ =+whoe&er,+ +whome&er,+ +whi he&er,+ and +whate&er+>" '% Which wants to see the dentist #irstD +6hi h+ is the su!%e t o# the senten e" $% Who wrote the no&el Bo *!oundD 2imilarly +who+ is the su!%e t o# the senten e"

-elative Pronouns You an use a relative pronoun is used to lin* one phrase or lause to another phrase or lause" The relati&e pronouns are +who,+ +whom,+ +that,+ and +whi h"+ The ompounds +whoe&er,+ +whome&er,+ and +whi he&er+ are also relati&e pronouns" -" You may in&ite whomever you li*e to the party" The relati&e pronoun +whome&er+ is the dire t o!%e t o# the ompound &er! +may in&ite"+ 1" The andidate who wins the greatest popular &ote is not always ele ted" 7n this senten e, the relati&e pronoun is the su!%e t o# the &er! +wins+ and introdu es the su!ordinate lause +who wins the greatest popular &ote"+ This su!ordinate lause a ts as an ad%e ti&e modi#ying + andidate"+

(nde inite Pronouns An inde inite pronoun is a pronoun re#erring to an identi#ia!le !ut not spe i#ied person or thing" An inde#inite pronoun on&eys the idea o# all, any, none, or some" The most ommon inde#inite pronouns are +all,+ +another,+ +any,+ +any!ody,+ +anyone,+ +anything,+ +ea h,+ +e&ery!ody,+ +e&eryone,+ +e&erything,+ +#ew,+ +many,+ +no!ody,+ +none,+ +one,+ +se&eral,+ +some,+ +some!ody,+ and +someone"+ Note that some inde#inite pronouns an also !e used as inde#inite ad%e ti&es" -" Many were in&ited to the lun h !ut only twel&e showed up" Here +many+ a ts as the su!%e t o# the ompound &er! +were in&ited"@ 1" The o##i e had !een sear hed and everything was thrown onto the #loor" 7n this e,ample, +e&erything+ a ts as a su!%e t o# the ompound &er! +was thrown"+

-e le#ive Pronouns You an use a re le#ive pronoun to re#er !a * to the su!%e t o# the lause or senten e" The re#le,i&e pronouns are +mysel#,+ +yoursel#,+ +hersel#,+ +himsel#,+ +itsel#,+ +oursel&es,+ +yoursel&es,+ and +themsel&es"+ Note ea h o# these an also a t as an intensi&e pronoun" -" .ia!eti s gi&e themselves insulin shots se&eral times a day" 1" The .ean o#ten does the photo opying hersel so that the se retaries an do more important wor*" (ntensive Pronouns An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to emphasi8e its ante edent" 7ntensi&e pronouns are identi al in #orm to re#le,i&e pronouns" -" 7 mysel !elie&e that aliens should a!du t my sister" 1" The 'rime Minister himsel said that he would lower ta,es"

A.J(:T7E(
An adjective modi#ies a noun or a pronoun !y des ri!ing, identi#ying, or Cuanti#ying words" An ad%e ti&e usually pre edes the noun or the pronoun whi h it modi#ies" An ad%e ti&e an !e modi#ied !y an ad&er!, or !y a phrase or lause #un tioning as an ad&er!" (,ample $ -" The truck"shaped !alloon #loated o&er the treetops" 1" My husband knits intricately patterned mittens% #or e,ample, the ad&er! +intri ately+ modi#ies the ad%e ti&e +patterned"+

TY'( O) A.J(:T7E(
Possessive Adjectives A possessi&e ad%e ti&e =+my,+ +your,+ +his,+ +her,+ +its,+ +our,+ +their+> is similar or identi al to a possessi&e pronoun< howe&er, it is used as an ad%e ti&e and modi#ies a noun or a noun phrase, as in the #ollowing senten es$ (,ample$ -" 7 an;t omplete my assignment !e ause 7 don;t ha&e the te,t!oo*" (n this sentence. the possessive adjective /my/ modi ies /assignment/ and the noun phrase /my assignment/ unctions as an object% Note that the possessive pronoun orm /mine/ is not used to modi y a noun or noun phrase% 1" 6hat is your phone num!erD 0ere the possessive adjective /your/ is used to modi y the noun phrase /phone number/1 the entire noun phrase /your phone number/ is a subject complement% Note that the possessive pronoun orm /yours/ is not used to modi y a noun or a noun phrase%

b2 +emonstrative Adjectives The demonstrati&e ad%e ti&es +this,+ +these,+ +that,+ +those,+ and +what+ are identi al to the demonstrati&e pronouns, !ut are used as ad%e ti&es to modi#y nouns or noun phrases, as in the #ollowing senten es$ (,ample$ -" 6hen the li!rarian tripped o&er that ord, she dropped a pile o# !oo*s" (n this sentence. the demonstrative adjective /that/ modi ies the noun /cord/ and the noun phrase /that cord/ is the object o the preposition /over%/ $% This apartment needs to !e #umigated" 0ere /this/ modi ies /apartment/ and the noun phrase /this apartment/ is the subject o the sentence%

(nterrogative Adjectives An interrogati&e ad%e ti&e =+whi h+ or +what+> is li*e an interrogati&e pronoun, e, ept that it modi#ies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own =see also demonstrati&e ad%e ti&es and possessi&e ad%e ti&es>$ (,ample$ '% 6hi h plants should !e watered twi e a wee*D 3ike other adjectives. /which/ can be used to modi y a noun or a noun phrase% (n this e#ample. /which/ modi ies /plants/ and the noun phrase /which plants/ is the subject o the compound verb /should be watered/4 1" 6hat !oo* are you readingD (n this sentence. /what/ modi ies /book/ and the noun phrase /what book/ is the direct object o the compound verb /are reading%/

(nde inite Adjectives An inde inite adjective is similar to an inde#inite pronoun, e, ept that it modi#ies a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase, as in the #ollowing senten es$ -" Many people !elie&e that orporations are under0ta,ed" ,he inde inite adjective /many/ modi ies the noun /people/ and the noun phrase /many people/ is the subject o the sentence% 1" 7 will send you any mail that arri&es a#ter you ha&e mo&ed to 2ud!ury" ,he inde inite adjective /any/ modi ies the noun /mail/ and the noun phrase /any mail/ is the direct object o the compound verb /will send%