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CHAPTER 1

(week 1-3)
Strain Analysis
Some common engineering problems such as a
dam subjected to water loading, a tunnel under
external pressure, a pipe under internal
pressure, and a cylindrical roller bearing
compressed by force in a diametral plane, have
significant strain only in a plane; that is, the
strain in one direction is much less than the
strain in the two other orthogonal directions. If
small enough, the smallest strain can be ignored
and the part is said to experience plane strain.

Assume that the negligible strain is oriented in
the z-direction. To reduce the 3D strain matrix
to the 2D plane stress matrix, remove all
components with z subscripts.
Plain Strain
Plain Strain
GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE STRAIN
TRANSFORMATION
Normal strain c
x
and c
y
are
positive if cause elongation
along x and y axis
Shear strain
xy
is positive
if the interior angle AOB
become smaller than 90
0
.
u
0
will be positive using the
right-hand fingers.
i.e counterclockwise
Normal and Shear Strains
In Fig a :



Positive c
x
occur
line d
x
elongated c
x
d
x
, which cause
line dx to
elongated c
x
d
x
cos
u.



u
u
sin
cos
'
'
dx dy
dx dx
=
=
Positive c
y
occur line d
y

elongated c
y
d
y
, which
cause line d
y
to elongated
c
y
d
y
sin u.
Assuming dx fix in
position.
Shear strain
xy
changes
in angle between dx and
dy. dy displaced
xy
dy to
the right.
Dx elongate
xy
dy cos u
Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)
Adding all the elongations



u u + u c + u c = c
u u + u u c + u u c
= c
o
= c
cos sin sin cos
dx
cos ) sin dx ( sin ) sin dx ( cos ) cos dx (
dx
x
xy
2
y
2
x
x
'
'
xy
'
y
'
x
x
'
'
x
'
'
'
u + u c + u c = o cos dy sin dy cos dx
xy y x
x
'
Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)
u
u
sin
cos
'
'
dx dy
dx dx
=
=
Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)
u

+ u
c c
+
c + c
= c 2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2
xy y x y x
x
'
u

u
c c

c + c
= c 2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2
xy y x y x
y
'
Using trigonometric identities:
u

+ u
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c
=

2 cos
2
2 sin
2 2
xy y x y x
' '
Principal Strains


Direction axis of principle
strain:


Max in Plane shear strain


Ave shear strain


Direction axis of shear
strain

2
xy
2
y x plane in max,
2 2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c
=


2
y x
ave
c + c
= c
) (
2 tan
y x
xy
p
c c

= u
|
|
.
|

\
|

c c
= u
xy
y x
s
2 tan
2
xy
2
y x y x
2 , 1
2 2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c

c + c
= c
Construction of the Mohrs Circle
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

The procedure for drawing Mohr's circle for strain
follows the one established for stress.
Construction of the Circle.
Establish a coordinate system such that the
abscissa represents the normal strain c, with
positive to the right, and the ordinate represents
half the value of the shear strain, /2, with positive
downward.
Using the positive sign convention for c
x
, c
y
,
xy
as
shown in the Fig. , determine the center of the circle
C, which is located on the c axis at a distance
c
avg
= (c
x
+ c
y
)/2 from the origin.
Plot the reference point A having coordinates
A(c
x
,
xy
/2). This point represents the case for
which the x' axis coincides with the x axis. Hence
u = u.
Connect point A with the center C of the circle and
from the shaded triangle determine the radius R of
the circle.
Once R has been determined, sketch the circle.
The principal strains c
1
and c
2
are determined
from the circle as the coordinates of points B
and D, that is where /2 = 0, Fig. a.

The orientation of the plane on which c
1
acts can
be determined from the circle by calculating 2u
P1
,
using trigonometry. Here this angle is measured
counterclockwise from the radial reference line
CA to line CB, Fig. a. Remember that the rotation
of u
P1
must be in this same direction, from the
element's reference axis x to the x' axis, Fig. b.*

When c
1
and c
2
are indicated as being positive as
in Fig. a, the element in Fig. b will elongate in the
x' and y' directions as shown by the dashed
outline.
Principal Strain
The average normal strain and half the
maximum in-plane shear strain are determined
from the circle as the coordinates of points E
and F, Fig. a.

The orientation of the plane on which
max in plane

and c
avg
act can be determined from the circle
by calculating 2u
s1
, using trigonometry. Here
this angle is measured clockwise from the radial
reference line CA to line CE, Fig. a. Remember
that the rotation of u
s1
, must be in this same
direction, from the element's reference axis x
to the x' axis, Fig. c.

Maximum In Plane Shear Strain

The normal and shear strain components c
x,
and

xy
for a plane specified at an angle u, Fig. d, can
be obtained from the circle using trigonometry to
determine the coordinates of point P, Fig.a.

To locate P, the known angle u of the x' axis is
measured on the circle as 2u. This measurement is
made from the radial reference line CA to the
radial line CP. Remember that measurements for
2u on the circle must be in the same direction as u
for the x' axis!

If the value of c
y
, is required, it can be
determined by calculating the c coordinate of
point Q in Fig. a. The line CQ lies 180
o
away from
CP and thus represents a rotation of 90
0
of the x'
axis.
Strains on Arbitrary Plane
Strain Rosettes
The axes of the three
gauges are arranged at the
angles of ua, ub, uc.
If the reading of c
a
, c
b
, c
c

taken, c
x
, c
y
,
xy
can be
defined.
Value of c
x
, c
y
,
xy
are
determined by solving
these equations.
c c xy c
2
y c
2
x c
b b xy b
2
y b
2
x b
a a xy a
2
y a
2
x a
cos sin sin cos
cos sin sin cos
cos sin sin cos
u u + u c + u c = c
u u + u c + u c = c
u u + u c + u c = c
45
o
or Rectangular Rosette
0
0
0
90
45
0
=
=
=
c
b
a
u
u
u
The equation become:
( )
c a b xy
c y
a x
2 c + c c =
c = c
c = c
Example of 45
o
strain rosette
60
0
Strain Rosette
( )
( )
c b xy
a c b y
a x
3
2
2 2
3
1
c c =
c c + c = c
c = c
0
c
0
b
0
a
120
60
0
= u
= u
= u
The equation become:
Example
Stress Strain Relationship
If a material subject to triaxial
stress (o
x
, o
y
, o
z
), associated
normal stress(c
x
, c
y
, c
z
)
developed in the material.
When o
x
is applied in x-
direction, the element elongated
with c
x
in x direction.
Application on o
y
cause the
element to contract with a
strain c
x
in the x direction.
Application Of o
z
cause the
element to contract with a
strain c
x
in the x direction.

E
=
E
=
E
=
z
x
y
x
x
x
o
v c
o
v c
o
c
' ' '
' '
'
The same result can be
developed for the normal
strain in the y and z
direction.
Final results can be
written as..

( ) | |
( ) | |
( ) | |
y x z z
z x y y
z y x x
1
1
1
o + o v o
E
= c
o + o v o
E
= c
o + o v o
E
= c
Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)
Applying only shear stress,t
y
to the element.
If to apply shear stress,t
y
to the element.
t
xy
will only cause deformation to
xy.
t
xy
will not cause deformation to
yz.
and
xz
t
yz
and

t
xz
will only cause deformation to

yz
and

xz
respectively.
Hooke Law for shear stress and shear
strain written as:
xz xz
yz yz
xy xy
G
G
G
t
t
t
1
1
1
=
=
=
Element subjected to normal
stresses only
Shear stress applied to the
elements
Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)
Modulus of elasticity, E is
related to shear modulus, G.

Dilatation (the change in
volume per unit volume or
volumetric strain, e.

Bulk Modulus (volume
modulus of elasticity), k.
( ) v +
=
1 2
E
G
( )
z y x
E
2 1
o + o + o
u
= e
Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)
( ) v 2 1 3
=
E
k

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