%mpa&t o' Super&apa&itor (la&ement in )ene*able %nte+rated Mi&ro+rid to Minimi$e (ost,'ault -re#uen&y -lu&tuation

Authors Name
1. Sakib

Kabir 2. Abdullah Al Amin 3. Md. Anayatullah 4. Bithun Kumar Saha

Supervisors name !r. "are# A$i$

.utlines
.b/e&tives Methodolo+y Simulation Analysis

tool and test system 'or 'uture *ork and

o' simulation

Su++estions

&on&lusions

.b/e&tives
A mi&ro+rid is a lo&ali$ed +roupin+ o' ele&tri&ity +eneration0 ener+y stora+e and supply to loads . Mi&ro+rid operates in t*o mode namely i1 islanded mode ii1 +rid &onne&ted mode.

Mi&ro+rid losses 're#uen&y support 'rom main +rid *hen its operation s*it&hes 'rom +rid &onne&ted mode to islanded mode.

%n islanded mode0 durin+ 'aulted &ondition &ontrollin+ o' frequency f luctuation is a key issue 'or po*er en+ineers.

2a&k o' ne&essary steps to minimi$e 're#uen&y deviation *ithin restri&ted time period results in trippin+ o' +enerators. "his ultimately leads to dis&onne&tion o' utility po*er at &onsumer ends.

A&&ordin+ to %333 standard 'or islanded distributed +eneration 4!51 net*ork 'ault must be &leared *ithin 6.2se&ond other*ise +enerators *ill trip789.

5oal o' this thesis is controlling the frequency deviation durin+ 'aulted &ondition. %n islanded mi&ro+rids0 're#uen&y 'lu&tuation &an be &ontrolled by di''erent me&hanisms.

Methodolo+y
Supercapacitor has been used as a stora+es devi&e 'or minimi$in+ 're#uen&y deviation

Time domain simulations have been carried out in 3 different steps.

Step1: Finding the worst fault location for frequency deviation.

Step2: Finding the best location of supercapacitor for minimi ing frequency deviation.

Step3: Finding the best rating of supercapacitor to minimi e frequency deviation.

Microgrid system
:e have used *ind turbine and diesel +enerator to represent mi&ro+rid. Wind Turbine
A *ind turbine is a rotatin+ ma&hine *hi&h &onverts the kineti& ener+y in *ind into me&hani&al ener+y. "hen by the +enerator0 me&hani&al ener+y is &onverted to ele&tri&al ener+y. ;ere *e have used doubly 'ed indu&tion +enerator4!-%51.

-i+ure 1 :ind turbine and the doubly 'ed indu&tion +enerator 4!-%51 system 719

Diesel generator
A simple A< +enerator &onsists o' rotor and stator *indin+. Stron+ ma+neti& 'ield has produ&ed in rotor *indin+ by the 'ield e=&itation. "*o brushes are sprin+,held in &onta&t *ith the slip rin+s to provide the &ontinuous &onne&tion bet*een the 'ield &oil and the e=ternal e=&itation &ir&uit 3a&h time the rotor makes one &omplete revolution0 one &omplete &y&le o' A< is developed in stator *indin+.

-i+ure 2 Simple A< 5enerator 729

Supercapacitor
Super&apa&itors are ele&tro&hemi&al double layer &apa&itors 4ele&trostati& stora+e1 or pseudo&apa&itors 4ele&tro&hemi&al stora+e1. Electrochemical double layer capacitors:

"he &omponents o' super&apa&itor that has a si+ni'i&ant impa&t on its operation and per'orman&e are ele&trode materials0 ele&trolyte solution0 and separator.

-i+ure 3 Basi& stru&ture o' the super&apa&itor 739

Continue.

!ue to their material &omposition and desi+n stru&ture they have a hi+h po*er density and lo* e#uivalent series resistan&e 43S)1."hese &hara&teristi&s lead to hi+her e''i&ien&y0 lar+er &urrent &har+e and>or dis&har+e &apa&ity0 and lo* heatin+ losses. !ue to their hi+h po*er density and #ui&k &har+e and dis&har+e rate it &an be used 'or po*er systems 're#uen&y &ontrol. "he e#uivalent &ir&uit model o' a super&apa&itor is sho*n in -i+ure belo*

-i+ure 4 3#uivalent &ir&uit model "he inductance &an be i+nored 'or low frequency operation "he leakage resistance &an also be i+nored 'or short-term operation So0 only 3S) )& and &apa&itor < is used 'or simulation to represent

Role of supercapacitor to improve frequency

:e kno* that &apa&itor supplies rea&tive po*er to the system but 're#uen&y &han+e is related to real po*er. By the basi& &hara&teristi& o' &apa&itor *e kno* that &onne&tin+ &apa&itor in di''erent buss volta+e &an be improved. 3#uation +iven belo* is &alled the s*in+ e#uation

;ere0 ;?%nertia &onstant @? An+ular displa&ement o' rotor 4ele&tri&al1 in radians -rom the s*in+ e#uation0 *e 'ind the an+ular displa&ement o' rotor. %' the rotor displa&es 'rom syn&hronism then an+le 0 @ a&&elerates resultin+ in 're#uen&y deviation 7A9.

Continue

!urin+ 'ault0 B is +oin+ to*ards $ero. So0 there'ore is +oin+ to hi+her value.

is be&omin+ lo*er

-rom the above s*in+ e#uation0 *e see that 're#uen&y 4'1 *ill deviate *ith the in&rease in .So0 the systems 're#uen&y be&omes unstable 7A9.

By usin+ Super&apa&itor0 volta+e &an be maintained in a &ertain limit to provide ele&tri&al po*er durin+ 'aulted &ondition. .n&e the 'ault is &leared0 #ui&k supply o' rea&tive po*er improves the volta+e at a 'ast rate. So0 remains almost same as be'ore there'ore 're#uen&y deviation &omes to allo*able limit *ithin short period.

Simulation tool and test system

Mat2ab based (o*er system analysis toolbo=4(SA"1 has been used as simulation tool.

%333 18 bus test distribution system has been used as a test system.

Base MBA 100MVA! base KB 23kV and base 're#uen&y 86 ;$.

Balan&ed system is used *ith a total load o' 2C.DM: and C.2MBA).

:ind turbine produ&es 26M: real po*er and 16MBA) rea&tive po*er and diesel +enerator produ&es 16M: real po*er

;ere *e have &onsidered 'ault impedan&e E?6.132 ohm.

-ault time at 1se& and 'ault &leared at 1.2se&.

Distri ution Systems !S"# model without Supercapacitor

Bus 02

Bus 01

Bus 03

Bus 08

Bus 04 Bus 13

Bus 10

Bus 14

Bus 09

Bus 05 B us 06

Bus11

Bus 15

Bus 12

Bus 07

Bus 16

Case studies
Case 1: Finding the Worst fault Minimum 're#uen&y deviation o&&urs in bus 3 location 1.015
1.01 frequency(p.u.) 1.005 1 0.995 0.99 0 0.5 1 time (s) 1.5 2

Figure ": Frequency for fault at bus 3 -or 'ault at bus 30 -re#uen&y deviated 'rom AF.4;$ to 86.8;$

Continue
At bus 12 're#uen&y deviation is ma=imum
1.04 1.03 frequency(p.u.) 1.02 1.01 1 0.99 0.98 0 0.5 1 time (s) 1.5 2

Figure #: Frequency for fault at bus 12 -or 'ault at bus 120 -re#uen&y deviated 'rom AF.1;$ to 81.2;$

%' super&apa&itor &an &lear the 'ault at bus 12 then 'ault at other buss mu be &leared by that super&apa&itor

Distri ution Systems !S"# model with Supercapacitor

Bu s 02

B us 01

Bu s 03

B us 0 8

Bu s 0 4 Bu s 13

B us 1 0

B us 1 4

Bu s 09

B us 05 B us 06

Bu s11

Bu s 1 5

B us 12

Bu s 0 7

Bus 16

Case 2: Finding the best location of supercapacitor

$y varying supercapacitor location !ma=imum 're#uen&y deviation o&&urs in bus 12

1.04 1.03 frequency(p.u.) 1.02 1.01 1 0.99 0.98 0 1 1.5 2 time (s) Figure %: Frequency for supercapacitor at bus 12 0.5

-or super&apa&itor at bus 120 -re#uen&y deviated 'rom AF.4;$ to 81.28;$

Continue
$y varying supercapacitor location! minimum frequency deviation occurs in bus 1
1.015 1.01 frequency(p.u.) 1.005 1 0.995 0.99 0.985 0 0.5 1 time (s) 1.5 2

-i+ure 8 -re#uen&y 'or super&apa&itor at bus 1

Bus 1 is the best lo&ation 'or super&apa&itor to minimi$e 're#uen&y deviation By pla&in+ the super&apa&itor in bus 10 *e see that 're#uen&y deviation +ets do*n to AF.8;$ to 86.A;$ -or islanded mi&ro+rid systemG 're#uen&y deviation allo*ed 'romAF.3;$ to 86.A;$ 789.

Case 3: Finding the best rating of supercapacitor

All the simulations *ere &arried out 'or super&apa&itor sus&eptan&e value 6.3p.u. By varyin+ the super&apa&itors ratin+ 0 're#uen&y deviation &an be de&reased.
1.015 1.01 1.005 1 0.995 0.99 0 0.5 1 time (s) 1.5 2

-or sus&eptan&e value 6.Ap.u. 're#uen&y deviated 'rom AF.48;$ to 86.88;$

frequency(p.u.)

-i+ureD -re#uen&y 'or Super&apa&itor Sus&eptan&e value 6.Ap.u.

Continue
1.015 1.01 frequency(p.u.) 1.005 1 0.995 0.99 0 0.5 1 time (s) 1.5 2

-i+ureD -re#uen&y 'or Super&apa&itor Sus&eptan&e value 6.8p.u -or sus&eptan&e value 6.8p.u. 're#uen&y deviated 'rom AF.A2;$ to 86.A4;$

Continue
1.015 1.01 frequency(p.u.) 1.005 1 0.995 0.99 0 0.5 1 time (s) 1.5 2

-i+ure D -re#uen&y 'or super&apa&itor sus&eptan&e value 6.D4p.u -or sus&eptan&e value 6.D4p.u. 're#uen&y deviated 'rom AF.D;$ to 86.4;$0 *hi&h is allo*able 'or islanded mi&ro+rid.

Summary

"his *ork investi+ates proper pla&ement o' super&apa&itor in a mi&ro+rid o' 18 bus distribution systems.

Advan&ed 're#uen&y deviation minimi$ation pro&edure 'or islanded distribution system by pla&in+ the super&apa&itor e''i&iently has been presented in our thesis.

By the simulation and study *e have 'ound that i' *e kno* the proper pla&e o' super&apa&itor *here minimum 're#uen&y deviations o&&ur. "hen *e &an 'i= the value 'or super&apa&itor to limit the 're#uen&y deviation.

Suggestion for future work

-urther analysis o' the results to identi'y the reasons behind superior per'orman&e o' super&apa&itor at sorted lo&ation. <ost,analysis o' the mi&ro+rid system *ith the proposed pla&ement and ratin+ o' super&apa&itor.

Conclusions

"o maintain stability o' the mi&ro+rid system0 're#uen&y deviation must be maintained *ithin allo*able limit. "he results sho* that0 're#uen&y deviated in lar+e s&ale durin+ 'ault in the system. So there needs to be some optimi$ation in 're#uen&y deviation. -rom the dynami& analysis o' this study it &an be said that due to the lar+est load at bus 12 in the test distribution0 the hi+hest 're#uen&y deviation o&&urs at bus 12. By usin+ super&apa&itor e''i&iently 're#uen&y deviation de&reased to allo*able limit.

)3-3)3N<3S
&1' (shan )atnai*! +ational (nstitute of Technology! ,our*ela -.eemed /niversity0 $Tech thesis 12(+. 3S 3 ,4+423$54 S6/,74 6F 4+4,89: )aper +o. ()ST;" < 113 &2' DOE Fundamentals handbook of electrical science, =olume 3 of >! /.S. .epartment of 4nergy! 2ashington! ..7. 2;"?" &3' ,ahul +ema -@.4. Student0! .r. 3nurag Trivedi 15oad Frequency 7ontrol of a Small (solated )ower Station by /sing Supercapacitor $ased 4nergy Storage System: International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering !echnolog" #IJARCE!$,=olume 1! (ssue 1;! .ecember 2;12! (SS+: 22%? < 1323 &>' @arco S. 2. 7han ! A. T. 7hau ! and 7. 7. 7han! 14ffective 7harging @ethod for /ltracapacitors: %ournal of electric vehicles! volumeB 3! numberB2! .ecember 2;;" &"' 3leC Taiwo 3gbedahunsi 1Frequency 7ontrol for @icrogrids using 4nhanced ST3T76@ and Supercapacitor 4nergy Storage: Thesis submitted to the /niversity of +ottingham for the degree of .octor of )hilosophy! @ayB2;13! page D1BD3. &#' Thomas S. $asso! @ember! (444! and ,ichard .e$lasio! Senior @ember! (444 1(444 1">% Series of Standards: (nterconnection (ssues: IEEE !RA&'AC!IO&' O& (O)ER E*EC!RO&IC'! =65. 1D! +6. "!
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