Db25 Oracle 03

PL/SQL
Oracle Day 3
O()ecti*es
o e+plain PL/SQL s,(progra-s ,nits . . . . Proce!,res /,nctions Pac0ages Data(ase riggers
Copyright 2005, Infosys echnologies Lt!
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O*er*ie1 of S,(progra-s
2 s,(progra-3 . Is a na-e! PL/SQL (loc0 that can accept para-eters an! (e in*o0e! fro- a calling en*iron-ent . Is of t1o types3 4 2 proce!,re that perfor-s an action 4 2 f,nction that co-p,tes a *al,e . Is (ase! on stan!ar! PL/SQL (loc0 str,ct,re . Pro*i!es -o!,larity, re,sa(ility, e+tensi(ility, an! -aintaina(ility . Pro*i!es easy -aintenance, i-pro*e! !ata sec,rity an! integrity, i-pro*e! perfor-ance, an! i-pro*e! co!e clarity
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$loc0 Str,ct,re for 2nony-o,s PL/SQL $loc0s

D"CL2#" 6optional7 Declare PL/SQL o()ects to (e ,se! 1ithin this (loc0 $"8I& 6-an!atory7 Define the e+ec,ta(le state-ents "9C"P IO& 6optional7 Define the actions that ta0e place if an error or e+ception arises "&D: 6-an!atory7
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
$loc0 Str,ct,re for PL/SQL S,(progra-s

<header> IS ; 2S Declaration section $"8I& "+ec,ta(le section "9C"P IO& "+ception section "&D: Subprogram Specification
Subprogram Body
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PL/SQL S,(progra-s
===== === === === ===== === === === +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ===== === === +++ === ===== === === === ===== === === === ===== === === +++ === +++ +++ ===== === === +++ === +++ +++ ===== === === === ===== ===+++ === +++=== +++ ===== ===+++ === +++=== +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ Subprogram A, which contains the repeated code
===== === === === ===== === === === A === === ===== === ===== === === === ===== === === === A === === ===== === ===== === === === A === === ===== ===
Code repeated more than once in a PL/SQL program
PL/SQL program invoking the subprogram at mu tip e ocations
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$enefits of S,(progra-s
. . . . "asy -aintenance I-pro*e! !ata sec,rity an! integrity I-pro*e! perfor-ance I-pro*e! co!e clarity
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@hat Is a Proce!,reA
. . 2 proce!,re is a type of s,(progra- that perfor-s an action' 2 proce!,re can (e store! in the !ata(ase, as a sche-a o()ect, for repeate! e+ec,tion'
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Synta+ for Creating Proce!,res

C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& P!%C"'(!" procedurename )parameter1 $mode& datatype1, parameter2 $mode& datatype2, . . .* +S,AS PL/SQL B ock-
. .
#he !"PLAC" option indicates that if the procedure e.ists, it wi be dropped and rep aced with the new version created by the statement/ PL/SQL b ock starts with either B"0+1 or the dec aration of oca variab es and ends with either "1' or "1' procedurename.
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De*eloping Proce!,res
"ditor Code to create procedure SQL3P us 4 Load and e.ecute file.sql 2 filename.sql
Source code %rac e Compi e P code ".ecute
(se S5%6 "!!%!S to view compi ation errors Procedure created 7

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/or-al %ers,s 2ct,al Para-eters

./or-al para-eters3 *aria(les !eclare! in the para-eter list of a s,(progra- specification "+a-ple3 C#"2 " P#OC"DD#" inEsalary6pEi! &DF$"#, pEa-o,nt &DF$"#7 ''' "&D incEsalary: .2ct,al para-eters3 *aria(les or e+pressions reference! in the para-eter list of a s,(progra- call "+a-ple3 inEsalary6*Ei!, 20007
CC
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Proce!,ral Para-eter Fo!es

Procedure Ca ing environment +1 parameter %(# parameter +1 %(# parameter )'"CLA!"* B"0+1 "8C"P#+%1 "1'-
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Creating Proce!,res 1ith Para-eters

+1 'efau t mode ;a ue is passed into subprogram %(# <ust be specified !eturned to ca ing environment +1 %(# <ust be specified Passed into subprogramreturned to ca ing environment +nitia i9ed variab e <ust be a variab e
:orma parameter acts as (ninitia i9ed a constant variab e Actua parameter can be a itera , e.pression, constant, or initia i9ed variab e Can be assigned a defau t va ue <ust be a variab e
Cannot be assigned a defau t va ue
Cannot be assigned a defau t va ue
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I& Para-eters3 "+a-ple

2>? p=id
C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" P!%C"'(!" inc=sa ary )p=id +1 emp /emp=id@#AP"* +S B"0+1 (P'A#" emp S"# sa ary B sa ary 3 2/2C 65"!" emp=id B p=id"1' inc=sa ary/
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OD Para-eters3 "+a-ple
Ca ing environment 2DE
QUERY_EMP procedure
p_id
!am DDCC C/7C
p_name p_salary p_incentives
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OD Para-eters3 "+a-ple
C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" P!%C"'(!" Fuery2 )p=id +1 emp /emp=id@#AP", p=name %(# emp /name@#AP", p=sa ary %(# emp /sa ary@#AP", p=comm %(# emp /commission@#AP"* +S B"0+1 S"L"C# name, sa ary, commission +1#% p=name, p=sa ary, p=comm :!%< emp 65"!" emp=id B p=id"1' Fuery2/
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
%ie1ing OD Para-eters
. .
Load and run the emp=Fuery/sF script fi e to create the Q("!A2 procedure/ 'ec are host variab es, e.ecute the Q("!A2 procedure, and print the va ue of the g oba 0=1A<" variab e/
;A!+ABL" g=name ;A!+ABL" g=sa ary ;A!+ABL" g=comm
;A!C5A!4)4G* 1(<B"! 1(<B"!
"8"C(#" Fuery2)2DE, Hg=name, Hg=sa , Hg=comm* P!+1# g=name
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%ie1ing I& OD Para-eters

;A!+ABL" g=phone ;A!C5A!4)2G* B"0+1 Hg=phone HB IE2EDDG4?C7GDJ"1'/ P!+1# g=phone "8"C(#" Phone=proc )Hg=phone* P!+1# g=phone
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Fetho!s for Passing Para-eters

. . . Positional3 List act,al para-eters in the sa-e or!er as for-al para-eters' &a-e!3 List act,al para-eters in ar(itrary or!er (y associating each 1ith its correspon!ing for-al para-eter' Co-(ination3 List so-e of the act,al para-eters as positional an! so-e as na-e!'
CB
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D"/2DL Option for Para-eters
C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" P!%C"'(!" add=department )p=name +1 dep/dep=name@#AP" '":A(L# IabcJ, p= oc +1 dep/ oc=id@#AP" '":A(L# 2ECC* +S B"0+1 +1S"!# +1#% dep)dep=id, dep=name, oc=id* ;AL("S )seF2/1"8#;AL, p=name, p= oc*"1' add=department/
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"+a-ples of Passing Para-eters

B"0+1 add=departmentadd=department )J#!10J, 7GCC*add=department ) p= oc BK 7LCC, p=name BKJ"'(J*add=department ) p= oc BK 74CC* "1'/ S"L"C# dep=id, dep=name, oc=id :!%< dep-
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'ec aring Subprograms

C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" P!%C"'(!" emp = eave )p=id +1 emp /emp=id@#AP"* +S P!%C"'(!" og=e.ec2 +S B"0+1 +1S"!# +1#% og=tab e2 )user=id, og=date* ;AL("S )(S"!, SAS'A#"*"1' og=e.ec2B"0+1 '"L"#" :!%< emp 65"!" emp=id B p=idog=e.ec2"1' emp= eave/
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In*o0ing a Proce!,re fro- an 2nony-o,s PL/SQL $loc0

'"CLA!" v=id 1(<B"! HB 247B"0+1 inc=sa ary)v=id*- MMinvoke procedure C%<<+#/// "1'-
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In*o0ing a Proce!,re fro- 2nother Proce!,re
C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" P!%C"'(!" emp=process +S C(!S%! c2 +S S"L"C# emp=id :!%< emp B"0+1 :%! i +1 c2 L%%P inc=sa ary)emp=rec/emp oyee=id*"1' L%%PC%<<+#"1' emp=process/
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#e-o*ing Proce!,res
Drop a proce!,re store! in the !ata(ase'
Synta+3 '!%P P!%C"'(!" procedurename "+a-ple3 '!%P P!%C"'(!" inc=sa ary-
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Store! /,nctions
. . .
2 f,nction is a na-e! PL/SQL (loc0 that ret,rns a *al,e' 2 f,nction can (e store! in the !ata(ase as a sche-a o()ect for repeate! e+ec,tion' 2 f,nction is calle! as part of an e+pression'
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Synta+ for Creating /,nctions
C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& :(1C#+%1 functionname )parameter1 $mode& datatype1, parameter2 $mode& datatype2, . . .* !"#(!1 datatype +S,AS PL/SQL B ock-
#he PL/SQL b ock must have at east one !"#(!1 statement/
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Creating a /,nction
"ditor Code to create function iSQL3P us 4 Load and e.ecute filename.sql 2
Source code %rac e Compi e P code +nvoke

:unction created 7
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"+ec,ting /,nctions
. . . In*o0e a f,nction as part of a PL/SQL e+pression' Create a *aria(le to hol! the ret,rne! *al,e' "+ec,te the f,nction' he *aria(le 1ill (e pop,late! (y the *al,e ret,rne! thro,gh a RETURN state-ent'
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2!*antages of Dser=Define! /,nctions in SQL "+pressions

. . . "+ten! SQL 1here acti*ities are too co-ple+, too a101ar!, or ,na*aila(le 1ith SQL Can increase efficiency 1hen ,se! in the WHERE cla,se to filter !ata, as oppose! to filtering the !ata in the application Can -anip,late character strings
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+nvoking :unctions in SQL ".pressionsH ".amp e

C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" :(1C#+%1 ta.ca c)p=va +1 1(<B"!* !"#(!1 1(<B"! +S B"0+1 !"#(!1 )p=va 3 C/2G*"1' ta./ S"L"C# emp=id, name, sa ary, ta.ca c)sa ary* :!%< emp 65"!" dep=id B 222-
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Locations to Call Dser=Define! /,nctions

. Select list of a SELECT co--an! . Con!ition of the WHERE an! HAVING cla,ses CONNECT BY, START WITH, ORDER BY, an! GROUP BY cla,ses VALUES cla,se of the INSERT co--an! SET cla,se of the UPDATE co--an!
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#estrictions on Calling /,nctions fro- SQL "+pressions GG''

o (e calla(le fro- SQL e+pressions, a ,ser=!efine! f,nction -,st3 . $e a store! f,nction . 2ccept only IN para-eters . 2ccept only *ali! SQL !ata types, not PL/SQL specific types, as para-eters . #et,rn !ata types that are *ali! SQL !ata types, not PL/SQL specific types
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#estrictions on Calling /,nctions fro- SQL "+pressions

. . . . . /,nctions calle! fro- SQL e+pressions cannot contain DFL state-ents' /,nctions calle! fro- UPDATE/DELETE state-ents on a ta(le cannot contain DFL on the sa-e ta(le ' /,nctions calle! fro- an UPDATE or a DELETE state-ent on a ta(le cannot H,ery the sa-e ta(le' /,nctions calle! fro- SQL state-ents cannot contain state-ents that en! the transactions' Calls to s,(progra-s that (rea0 the pre*io,s restriction are not allo1e! in the f,nction'
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#estrictions on Calling fro- SQL

C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" :(1C#+%1 f2 )p=sa ary 1(<B"!* !"#(!1 1(<B"! +S B"0+1 +1S"!# +1#% emp oyees)emp=id, name, mai , Noin=date, Nob=id, sa ary* ;AL("S)2, ILisaJ, ILisaO+1:A/comJ, SAS'A#", I"'(CA#%!J, ECCC*!"#(!1 )p=sa ary P 22CC*"1'/ (P'A#" emp S"# sa ary B f2)4CCC* 65"!" emp=id B 242-
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!emoving :unctions
Drop a store! f,nction'
Synta.H
DROP FUNCTION FUNCTION ffunction_name DROP !
".amp eH .A the privi eges granted on a function are revoked

when the function is dropped/
.#he C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" synta. is eFuiva ent to
dropping a function and recreating it/ Privi eges granted on the function remain the same when this synta. is used/
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Io1 Proce!,res an! /,nctions Differ
Procedure
:unction
Ca ing environment
+1 parameter %(# parameter +1 %(# parameter

)'"CLA!"* B"0+1 "8C"P#+%1 "1'-
Ca ing environment
+1 parameter
)'"CLA!"* B"0+1 "8C"P#+%1 "1'-
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Comparing Procedures and :unctions

Procedures ".ecute as a PL/SQL statement 'o not contain !"#(!1 c ause in the header Can return none, one, or many va ues Can contain a !"#(!1 statement :unctions +nvoke as part of an e.pression <ust contain a !"#(!1 c ause in the header <ust return a sing e va ue <ust contain at east one !"#(!1 statement
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
$enefits of Store! Proce!,res an! /,nctions

. . . . I-pro*e! perfor-ance "asy -aintenance I-pro*e! !ata sec,rity an! integrity I-pro*e! co!e clarity
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List 2ll Proce!,res an! /,nctions
S"L"C# obNect=name, obNect=type :!%< user=obNects 65"!" obNect=type in )JP!%C"'(!"J,J:(1C#+%1J* %!'"! BA obNect=name-
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DS"#ESOD#C" Data Dictionary %ie1
Co umn 1A<" #AP"
Co umn 'escription 1ame of the obNect #ype of obNect, for e.amp e, P!%C"'(!", :(1C#+%1, PACQA0", PACQA0" B%'A Line number of the source code #e.t of the source code ine
L+1" #"8#
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
List the Co!e of Proce!,res an! /,nctions
S"L"C# te.t :!%< user=source 65"!" name B IP2J %!'"! BA ine-
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List Co-pilation "rrors (y Dsing SIO@ "##O#S
S5%6 "!!%!S P!%C"'(!" p2
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De(,gging PL/SQL Progra- Dnits
he DBMS_OUTPUT pac0age3
4 2cc,-,lates infor-ation into a (,ffer 4 2llo1s retrie*al of the infor-ation fro- the (,ffer
. .
2,tono-o,s proce!,re calls 6for e+a-ple, 1riting the o,tp,t to a log ta(le7 Soft1are that ,ses DBMS_DEBUG
4 4 Proce!,re $,il!er hir!=party !e(,gging soft1are
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O*er*ie1 of Pac0ages
Pac0ages3 . 8ro,p logically relate! PL/SQL types, ite-s, an! s,(progra-s . Consist of t1o parts3 4 Specification 4 $o!y . Cannot (e in*o0e!, para-eteriJe!, or neste! . 2llo1 the Oracle ser*er to rea! -,ltiple o()ects into -e-ory at once
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Co-ponents of a Pac0age
Pub ic variab e Procedure A dec aration Pub ic procedure
Package specification
Private variab e Package body Procedure B definition Procedure A definition Private procedure
Pub ic procedure Loca variab e
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
De*eloping a Pac0age
Sa*ing the te+t of the CREATE PACKAGE state-ent in t1o !ifferent SQL files facilitates later -o!ifications to the pac0age' 2 pac0age specification can e+ist 1itho,t a pac0age (o!y, (,t a pac0age (o!y cannot e+ist 1itho,t a pac0age specification'
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Creating the Pac0age Specification

Synta.H
C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& PACQA0" package_name +S,AS public type and item declarations subprogram specifications "1' package_name; . . . he #"PL2C" option !rops an! recreates the pac0age specification' %aria(les !eclare! in the pac0age specification are initialiJe! to &DLL (y !efa,lt' 2ll the constr,cts !eclare! in a pac0age specification are *isi(le to ,sers 1ho are grante! pri*ileges on the pac0age'
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Declaring P,(lic Constr,cts
COMM_P"C#"$E package
$_COM Package specification
RE%ET_COM procedure dec aration
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Creating a Pac0age Specification3 "+a-ple
C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" PACQA0" com=pack +S g=com 1(<B"! HB C/2GP!%C"'(!" reset=com )p=com +1 1(<B"!*"1' com=pack/
. .
0=C%< is a g oba variab e and is initia i9ed to C/2G !"S"#=C%< is a pub ic procedure that is imp emented in the package body/
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Creating the Pac0age $o!y

Synta+3 C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& PACQA0" B%'A package_name +S,AS private type and item declarations subprogram bodies "1' package_name;
. . .
#he !"PLAC" option drops and recreates the package body/ +dentifiers defined on y in the package body are private constructs/ #hese are not visib e outside the package body/ A private constructs must be dec ared before they are used in the pub ic constructs/
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P,(lic an! Pri*ate Constr,cts

COMM_P"C#"$E package
$_COM RE%ET_COM procedure dec aration
Package specification
2 4
Package body
&"'ID"TE_COM function definition
RE%ET_COM procedure definition
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Creating a Pac0age $o!y3 "+a-ple
C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" PACQA0" B%'A com=pack +S :(1C#+%1 va idate=comm )p=com +1 1(<B"!* !"#(!1 B%%L"A1 +S v=ma.=com 1(<B"!B"0+1 S"L"C# <A8)commission* +1#% v=ma.=com :!%< emp +: p=com K v=ma.=com #5"1 !"#(!1):ALS"*"LS" !"#(!1)#!("*"1' +:"1' va idate=com///
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Creating a Pac0age $o!y3 "+a-ple
P!%C"'(!" reset=com )p=com +1 1(<B"!* +S B"0+1 +: va idate=com)p=com* #5"1 g=comHBp=com- MMreset g oba variab e "LS" !A+S"=APPL+CA#+%1="!!%!)M4C444,ICommission +nva idJ*"1' +:"1' reset=com"1' com=pack/
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
In*o0ing Pac0age Constr,cts

"+a-ple C3 In*o0e a f,nction fro- a proce!,re 1ithin the sa-e pac0age' CRE"TE OR REP'"CE P"C#"$E (ODY c)m_pac* I% + + + PROCEDURE reset_c)m ,p_c)m IN NUM(ERI% (E$IN IF validate_c)m,p_c)mT.EN /_c)m 01 p_c)m! E'%E R"I%E_"PP'IC"TION_ERROR ,2343335 6C)mmissi)n Invalid 7-! END IF! END reset_c)m! END c)m_pac*!
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#e-o*ing Pac0ages
#o remove the package specification and the body, use the fo owing synta.H '!%P PACQA0" package_name;
#o remove the package body, use the fo owing synta.H '!%P PACQA0" B%'A package_name;
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8,i!elines for De*eloping Pac0ages

. . . . Constr,ct pac0ages for general ,se' Define the pac0age specification (efore the (o!y' he pac0age specification sho,l! contain only those constr,cts that yo, 1ant to (e p,(lic' Place ite-s in the !eclaration part of the pac0age (o!y 1hen yo, -,st -aintain the- thro,gho,t a session or across transactions' Changes to the pac0age specification reH,ire reco-pilation of each referencing s,(progra-' he pac0age specification sho,l! contain as fe1 constr,cts as possi(le'
. .
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2!*antages of Pac0ages
. . . Fo!,larity3 "ncaps,late relate! constr,cts' "asier application !esign3 Co!e an! co-pile specification an! (o!y separately' Ii!ing infor-ation3 4 Only the !eclarations in the pac0age specification are *isi(le an! accessi(le to applications' 4 Pri*ate constr,cts in the pac0age (o!y are hi!!en an! inaccessi(le' 4 2ll co!ing is hi!!en in the pac0age (o!y'
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
2!*antages of Pac0ages
. . 2!!e! f,nctionality3 Persistency of *aria(les an! c,rsors $etter perfor-ance3 4 he entire pac0age is loa!e! into -e-ory 1hen the pac0age is first reference!' 4 here is only one copy in -e-ory for all ,sers' 4 he !epen!ency hierarchy is si-plifie!' O*erloa!ing3 F,ltiple s,(progra-s of the sa-e na-e
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
O*erloa!ing
. . . "na(les yo, to ,se the sa-e na-e for !ifferent s,(progra-s insi!e a PL/SQL (loc0, a s,(progra-, or a pac0age #eH,ires the for-al para-eters of the s,(progra-s to !iffer in n,-(er, or!er, or !ata type fa-ily "na(les yo, to (,il! -ore fle+i(ility (eca,se a ,ser or application is not restricte! (y the specific !ata type or n,-(er of for-al para-eters &ote3 Only local or pac0age! s,(progra-s can (e o*erloa!e!' Ko, cannot o*erloa! stan!=alone s,(progra-s'
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
%ver oadingH ".amp e
C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" PACQA0" over=package +S P!%C"'(!" add=department )p=deptno +1 dep/dep=id@#AP", p=name +1 dep/dep=name@#AP" '":A(L# IABCJ, p= oc +1 dep/ oc=id@#AP" '":A(L# 222*P!%C"'(!" add=department )p=name +1 dep/dep=name@#AP" '":A(L# IABCJ, p= oc +1 dep/ oc=id@#AP" '":A(L# 222*"1' over=package/
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Dsing /or1ar! Declarations
Ko, -,st !eclare i!entifiers (efore referencing the-' C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" PACQA0" B%'A forward=package +S P!%C"'(!" bonus)/ / /* +S B"0+1 ca c=rating)/ / /*MMi ega reference "1'P!%C"'(!" rating)/ / /* +S B"0+1 /// "1'"1' forward=package/
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(sing :orward 'ec arations

C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" PACQA0" B%'A forward=package +S P!%C"'(!" rating)/ / /*P!%C"'(!" bonus)/ / /* +S defined B"0+1 rating)/ / /*/// "1'P!%C"'(!" rating)/ / /* +S B"0+1 /// "1'"1' forward=package/
Copyright 2005, Infosys echnologies Lt! <3 "#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
MM forward dec aration MM subprograms MM in a phabetica order
#estrictions on Pac0age /,nctions Dse! in SQL

2 f,nction calle! fro-3 . . . 2 H,ery or DFL state-ent can not en! the c,rrent transaction, create or roll (ac0 to a sa*epoint, or 2L "# the syste- or session' 2 H,ery state-ent or a paralleliJe! DFL state-ent can not e+ec,te a DFL state-ent or -o!ify the !ata(ase' 2 DFL state-ent can not rea! or -o!ify the partic,lar ta(le (eing -o!ifie! (y that DFL state-ent'
&ote3 Calls to s,(progra-s that (rea0 the a(o*e restrictions are not allo1e!'
<5
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
In*o0ing a Dser=Define! Pac0age /,nction fro- a SQL State-ent
S"L"C# ta.es=package/ta.)sa ary*, sa ary, name :!%< emp -
<5
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
(sing Supp ied Packages

Oracle=s,pplie! pac0ages3 .2re pro*i!e! 1ith the Oracle ser*er ."+ten! the f,nctionality of the !ata(ase ."na(le access to certain SQL feat,res nor-ally restricte! for PL/SQL
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Dsing &ati*e Dyna-ic SQL

Dyna-ic SQL3 . Is a SQL state-ent that contains *aria(les that can change !,ring r,nti-e . Is a SQL state-ent 1ith placehol!ers an! is store! as a character string . "na(les general=p,rpose co!e to (e 1ritten . "na(les !ata=!efinition, !ata=control, or session=control state-ents to (e 1ritten an! e+ec,te! fro- PL/SQL . Is 1ritten ,sing either DBMS_SQL or nati*e !yna-ic SQL
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
"+ec,tion /lo1
SQL state-ents go thro,gh *ario,s stages3 . Parse . $in! . "+ec,te . /etch &ote3 So-e stages -ay (e s0ippe!'
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Dsing the D$FSESQL Pac0age

he DBMS_SQL pac0age is ,se! to 1rite !yna-ic SQL in store! proce!,res an! to parse DDL state-ents' So-e of the proce!,res an! f,nctions of the pac0age incl,!e3
OPEN_CURSOR PARSE BIND_VARIABLE EXECUTE FETCH_ROWS CLOSE_CURSOR
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Dsing the D$FSEDDL Pac0age
he D$FSEDDL Pac0age3 . Pro*i!es access to so-e SQL DDL state-ents fro- store! proce!,res . Incl,!es so-e proce!,res3 4 2L "#ECOFPIL" 6o()ectEtype, o1ner, o()ectEna-e7 4 2&2LKL"EO$M"C 6o()ectEtype, o1ner, na-e, -etho!7 'B<S=''L/AL#"!=C%<P+L")JP!%C"'(!"J,JA=(S"!J,JQ("!A2J* &ote3 his pac0age r,ns 1ith the pri*ileges of calling ,ser, rather than the pac0age o1ner SKS' 'B<S=''L/A1ALAR"=%BS"C#)J#ABL"J,JA=(S"!J,JS%BSJ,JC%<P(#"J*
>0
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
(sing the 'B<S=%(#P(# Package

he DBMS_OUTPUT pac0age ena(les yo, to o,tp,t -essages fro- PL/SQL (loc0s' 2*aila(le proce!,res incl,!e3 PUT NEW_LINE PUT_LINE GET_LINE GET_LINES ENABLE/DISABLE
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
'atabase #riggers
2 trigger3 .Is a PL/SQL (loc0 or a PL/SQL proce!,re associate! 1ith a ta(le, *ie1, sche-a, or the !ata(ase ."+ec,tes i-plicitly 1hene*er a partic,lar e*ent ta0es place .Can (e either3
42pplication trigger3 /ires 1hene*er an e*ent occ,rs 1ith a partic,lar application 4Data(ase trigger3 /ires 1hene*er a !ata e*ent 6s,ch as DFL7 or syste- e*ent 6s,ch as logon or sh,t!o1n7 occ,rs on a sche-a or !ata(ase
>2
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
0uide ines for 'esigning #riggers

.Design triggers to3 4Perfor- relate! actions 4CentraliJe glo(al operations .Do not !esign triggers3 4@here f,nctionality is alrea!y (,ilt into the Oracle ser*er 4 hat !,plicate other triggers .Create store! proce!,res an! in*o0e the- in a trigger, if the PL/SQL co!e is *ery lengthy' . he e+cessi*e ,se of triggers can res,lt in co-ple+ inter!epen!encies, 1hich -ay (e !iffic,lt to -aintain in large applications'
>3
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Data(ase rigger3 "+a-ple

App ication +1S"!# +1#% "<PL / / /-
%"'_C.EC# trigger
"<PL tab e
>5
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Creating '<L #riggers

2 triggering state-ent contains3 . rigger ti-ing 4/or ta(le3 $"/O#", 2/ "# 4/or *ie13 I&S "2D O/ . riggering e*ent3 I&S"# , DPD2 ", or D"L" " . a(le na-e3 On ta(le, *ie1 . rigger type3 #o1 or state-ent .@I"& cla,se3 #estricting con!ition . rigger (o!y3 PL/SQL (loc0
>5
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
DFL rigger Co-ponents
rigger ti-ing3 @hen sho,l! the trigger fireA .$"/O#"3 "+ec,te the trigger (o!y (efore the triggering DFL e*ent on a ta(le' .2/ "#3 "+ec,te the trigger (o!y after the triggering DFL e*ent on a ta(le' .I&S "2D O/3 "+ec,te the trigger (o!y instea! of the triggering state-ent' his is ,se! for *ie1s that are not other1ise -o!ifia(le'
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0

riggering ,ser e*ent3 @hich DFL state-ent ca,ses the trigger to e+ec,teA Ko, can ,se any of the follo1ing3 . I&S"# . DPD2 " . D"L" "
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0

rigger type3 Sho,l! the trigger (o!y e+ec,te for each ro1 the state-ent affects or only onceA . State-ent3 he trigger (o!y e+ec,tes once for the triggering e*ent' his is the !efa,lt' 2 state-ent trigger fires once, e*en if no ro1s are affecte! at all' . #o13 he trigger (o!y e+ec,tes once for each ro1 affecte! (y the triggering e*ent' 2 ro1 trigger is not e+ec,te! if the triggering e*ent affects no ro1s'
>?
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0

rigger (o!y3 @hat action sho,l! the trigger perfor-A he trigger (o!y is a PL/SQL (loc0 or a call to a proce!,re'
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
/iring SeH,ence
(se the fo owing firing seFuence for a trigger on a tab e, when a sing e row is manipu atedH '<L statement +1S"!# +1#% dep )dep=id, dep=name, oc=id* ;AL("S )ECC, I!"S"A!C5J, GLCC*-
B":%!" statement trigger #riggering action B":%!" row trigger A:#"! row trigger A:#"! statement trigger
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/iring SeH,ence
(se the fo owing firing seFuence for a trigger on a tab e, when many rows are manipu atedH (P'A#" emp S"# sa ary B sa ary 3 2/4G 65"!" dep=id B DC-
B":%!" statement trigger B":%!" row trigger A:#"! row trigger /// B":%!" row trigger A:#"! row trigger /// A:#"! statement trigger
Copyright 2005, Infosys echnologies Lt! ?C "#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Synta. for Creating '<L Statement #riggers

Synta.H C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& #!+00"! trigger_name timing event1 %! event2 %! %1 tablename Trigger body 1oteH #rigger names must be uniFue with respect to other triggers in the same schema/
?2
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Creating '<L Statement #riggers

".amp eH C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" #!+00"! trig2 B":%!" +1S"!# %1 emp B"0+1 +: )#%=C5A!)SAS'A#",J'AJ* +1 )JSA#J,JS(1J** %! )#%=C5A!)SAS'A#",J554LJ* 1%# B"#6""1 JCEJ A1' J2>J* #5"1 !A+S"=APPL+CA#+%1="!!%! )M4C222,JAou are not a owed to operate beyond officehours/J*"1' +:"1'/
?3
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Creating a '<L !ow #rigger

Synta.H C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& #!+00"! trigger_name timing event1 %! event2 %! %1 tablename $!":"!"1C+10 %L' AS old | 1"6 AS ne & :%! "AC5 !%6 65"1 )condition* trigger_body
?5
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Creating '<L !ow #riggers
C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" #!+00"! prevent=sa B":%!" +1S"!# %! (P'A#" %: sa ary %1 emp :%! "AC5 !%6 B"0+1 +: 1%# )H1"6/Nob=id +1 )I"'(CA#%!J, I<A1A0"!J** A1' H1"6/sa ary K GGCCC #5"1 !A+S"=APPL+CA#+%1="!!%! )M4C444,I Cannot earn this amountJ*"1' +:"1'/
?5
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
(sing %L' and 1"6 Qua ifiers

C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" #!+00"! audit=emp A:#"! '"L"#" %! +1S"!# %! (P'A#" %1 emp :%! "AC5 !%6 B"0+1 +1S"!# +1#% audit=emp=tab )user=name, timestamp, id, o d= ast=name, new= ast=name, o d=tit e, new=tit e, o d=sa ary, new=sa ary* ;AL("S )(S"!, SAS'A#", H%L'/emp oyee=id, H%L'/ ast=name, H1"6/ ast=name, H%L'/Nob=id, H1"6/Nob=id, H%L'/sa ary, H1"6/sa ary *"1'/
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
(sing %L' and 1"6 Qua ifiersH ".amp e (sing Audit="mp=#ab e

+1S"!# +1#% emp )emp=id, name, Nob=id, sa ary, ///* ;AL("S )EEE, J#empJ, IC%1S(L#A1#J, 4CCC, ///*(P'A#" emp S"# sa ary B 4CCC, name B JSukumarJ 65"!" emp=id B EEE-
S"L"C# user=name, /// :!%< audit=emp=tab
?>
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
!estricting a !ow #rigger

C!"A#" %! !"PLAC" #!+00"! get=commission B":%!" +1S"!# %! (P'A#" %: sa ary %1 emp :%! "AC5 !%6 65"1 )1"6/Nob=id B I"'(CA#%!J* B"0+1 +: +1S"!#+10 #5"1 H1"6/commission HB C"LS+: H%L'/commission +S 1(LL #5"1 H1"6/commission HB C"LS" H1"6/commission HB H%L'/commission P C/24"1' +:"1'/
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
I&S "2D O/ riggers

App ication +1S"!# +1#% my=view / / /+1S"!# #ABL"2 +1S#"A' %: #rigger
<A=;+"6
(P'A#" #ABL"4
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Creating an +1S#"A' %: #rigger

Synta.H C!"A#" $%! !"PLAC"& #!+00"! trigger_name +1S#"A' %: event1 %! event2 %! %1 vie _name $!":"!"1C+10 %L' AS old | 1"6 AS ne & $:%! "AC5 !%6& trigger_body
B0
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Creating an I&S "2D O/ rigger

+1S"!# into "<P=;+"6 that is based on "<PL and '"P tab es +1S"!# +1#% emp=view)emp=id, /// * ;AL("S)222,I!A<J,7CCC,2C,IramOinfy/comJ,I<A1A0"!J*-
BC
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
'ifferentiating Between 'atabase #riggers and Stored Procedures

#riggers 'efined with C!"A#" #!+00"! 'ata dictionary contains source code in (S"!=#!+00"!S +mp icit y invoked C%<<+#, SA;"P%+1#, and !%LLBACQ are not a owed Procedures 'efined with C!"A#" P!%C"'(!" 'ata dictionary contains source code in (S"!=S%(!C"
".p icit y invoked C%<<+#, SA;"P%+1#, and !%LLBACQ are a owed
B2
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
'!%P #!+00"! Synta.

o re-o*e a trigger fro- the !ata(ase, ,se the DROP TRIGGER synta+3 '!%P #!+00"! triggername-
".amp eH '!%P #!+00"! trig2A triggers on a tab e are dropped when the tab e is dropped/
B3
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
$enefits of Data(ase riggers
I-pro*e! !ata sec,rity3 4 Pro*i!e enhance! an! co-ple+ sec,rity chec0s 4 Pro*i!e enhance! an! co-ple+ a,!iting I-pro*e! !ata integrity3 4 "nforce !yna-ic !ata integrity constraints 4 "nforce co-ple+ referential integrity constraints 4 "ns,re that relate! operations are perfor-e! together i-plicitly
B5
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
%ie1ing rigger Infor-ation
Ko, can *ie1 the follo1ing trigger infor-ation3 . DS"#EO$M"C S !ata !ictionary *ie13 o()ect infor-ation . DS"#E #I88"#S !ata !ictionary *ie13 the te+t of the trigger . DS"#E"##O#S !ata !ictionary *ie13 PL/SQL synta+ errors 6co-pilation errors7 of the trigger
B5
"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Listing the Code of #riggers

S"L"C# trigger=name, trigger=type, triggering=event, tab e=name, referencing=names, status, trigger=body :!%< user=triggers 65"!" trigger=name B I#!+02J-
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
S,--ary
@e ha*e e+plaine! the follo1ing PL/SQL s,(progra-s ,nits . . . . Proce!,res /,nctions Pac0ages Data(ase riggers
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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0
Thank You!
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Db25 Oracle 03

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PL/SQL

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$loc0 Str,ct,re for 2nony-o,s PL/SQL $loc0s

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$loc0 Str,ct,re for PL/SQL S,(progra-s

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Code repeated more than once in a PL/SQL program

PL/SQL program invoking the subprogram at mu tip e ocations

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Synta+ for Creating Proce!,res

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Source code %rac e Compi e P code ".ecute

(se S5%6 "!!%!S to view compi ation errors Procedure created 7

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/or-al %ers,s 2ct,al Para-eters

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Proce!,ral Para-eter Fo!es

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Creating Proce!,res 1ith Para-eters

Cannot be assigned a defau t va ue

Cannot be assigned a defau t va ue

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I& Para-eters3 "+a-ple

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Ca ing environment 2DE

!am DDCC C/7C

p_name p_salary p_incentives

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"#/CO#P/C#S/D$25/003 %ersion &o' 2'0

;A!+ABL" g=name ;A!+ABL" g=sa ary ;A!+ABL" g=comm

;A!C5A!4)4G* 1(<B"! 1(<B"!

"8"C(#" Fuery2)2DE, Hg=name, Hg=sa , Hg=comm* P!+1# g=name

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%ie1ing I& OD Para-eters

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Fetho!s for Passing Para-eters

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D"/2DL Option for Para-eters

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"+a-ples of Passing Para-eters

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