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State the name of elements State the function of each elements in animal and plant cell
Water molecules
Always contain carbon and hydrogen Usually contain covalent bonds Usually large, unique molecules with complex functions Make up 40% of body mass
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates
Substances formed from C, H, and O Main function is source of energy for ATP formation Forms only 2-3 % of total body weight
glycogen is storage in liver and muscle tissue sugar building blocks of DNA & RNA (deoxyribose & ribose sugars) Only plants produce starch for energy storage
Monosaccharides
Glucose Fructose Galactose
Food test:
Disaccharide
Sucrose Maltose Lactose
Amino acid
Essential
Need to take by food Can be synthesized by body First class protein Found in animals
Non-essential
Almost found in plant Can be synthesized by our body
Denaturation:
Loss of three dimensional structure By heat or chemical
Polypeptide chain
e.g.: hemoglobin
DNA Structure
Huge molecules containing C, H, O, N and P A molecule of DNA is a chain of nucleotides Nucleotide nitrogenous base (A-G-T-C), a 5- carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
Answer:
1. Proteins: most enzymes are proteins, primarily tertiary and quaternary structures. 2. Catalyst: chemical agent that accelerates a reaction without being permanently changed in the process.
3. Selective: enzymes are specific for which they will catalyze (Specificity - depends upon 3D shape).
4. Recycled: enzymes are reusable.
Work rapidly Not destroyed after reaction Can work both direction Extremely specific Denatured by high temperature Sensitive to pH
sucrase
maltase
lactase
A few enzymes are named before : pepsin, trypsin, rennin
Huge molecules containing C, H, O, N and phosphorus Each gene of our genetic material is a piece of DNA that controls the synthesis of a specific protein A molecule of DNA is a chain of nucleotides Nucleotide = nitrogenous base (A-G-T-C), a 5carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
Pepsin [stomach]
Amylase [duodenum]
14
pH
Heat
Most work best at optimum temperature 37 C Extreme heat (above) denaturation of enzyme molecule Active site altered not able to form enzyme substrate complex In cold condition [below 20] enzyme inactive
37
60
TEMPT [c]
Substrate concentration
If the concentration of substrate increase, the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase . When all active sites filled with substrate, the rate remains constant.
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration
If the concentration of enzyme increase, the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase . When all substrate are used at one time, the rate remains constant.
Enzyme concentration
Design an experiment :
The effect of pH/ temperature on enzymatic activities