TRIGONOMETRY

http://math.la.asu.edu/~tdalesan/mat170/TRIGONOMETRY.ppt
Angles, Arc length, Conversions
Angle measured in standard position.
Initial side is the positive x axis which is fixed.
Terminal side is the ray in quadrant II, which is free
to rotate about the origin. Counterclockwise rotation
is positive, clockwise rotation is negative.
Coterminal Angles: Angles that have the same terminal side.
60, 420, and 300 are all coterminal.
Degrees to radians: Multiply angle by
.
180

t
3 180
60
t t
=

radians
Radians to degrees: Multiply angle by .
180
t

45
180
4
=
t
t
Arc length = central angle x radius, or . r s u =
Note: The central angle must be in radian measure.
Note: 1 revolution = 360 = 2 radians.
Right Triangle Trig Definitions
sin(A) = sine of A = opposite / hypotenuse = a/c
cos(A) = cosine of A = adjacent / hypotenuse = b/c
tan(A) = tangent of A = opposite / adjacent = a/b
csc(A) = cosecant of A = hypotenuse / opposite = c/a
sec(A) = secant of A = hypotenuse / adjacent = c/b
cot(A) = cotangent of A = adjacent / opposite = b/a
A
a
b
c
B
C
Special Right Triangles
30
45
60 45
2
1
3
1
1
2
3
3
) 30 tan(
2
1
) 30 sin(
2
3
) 30 cos(
=
=
=

3 ) 60 tan(
2
3
) 60 sin(
2
1
) 60 cos(
=
=
=

1 ) 45 tan(
2
2
) 45 sin(
2
2
) 45 cos(
=
=
=

Basic Trigonometric Identities

) cos(
) sin(
) tan(
A
A
A =

) sin(
) cos(
) cot(
A
A
A =
) csc(
1
) sin(
) sin(
1
) csc(
A
A
A
A
=
=

) sec(
1
) cos(
) cos(
1
) sec(
A
A
A
A
=
=

) cot(
1
) tan(
) tan(
1
) cot(
A
A
A
A
=
=
1 ) ( cos ) ( sin
2 2
= + A A
) ( sec 1 ) ( tan
2 2
A A = + ) ( csc ) ( cot 1
2 2
A A = +
Quotient identities:
Reciprocal Identities:
Pythagorean Identities:
Even/Odd identities:
) csc( ) csc(
) sin( ) sin(
A A
A A
=
=
) cot( ) cot(
) tan( ) tan(
A A
A A
=
=
) sec( ) sec(
) cos( ) cos(
A A
A A
=
=
Even functions Odd functions Odd functions
All Students Take Calculus.
Quad II
Quad I
Quad III
Quad IV
cos(A)>0
sin(A)>0
tan(A)>0
sec(A)>0
csc(A)>0
cot(A)>0
cos(A)<0
sin(A)>0
tan(A)<0
sec(A)<0
csc(A)>0
cot(A)<0
cos(A)<0
sin(A)<0
tan(A)>0
sec(A)<0
csc(A)<0
cot(A)>0
cos(A)>0
sin(A)<0
tan(A)<0
sec(A)>0
csc(A)<0
cot(A)<0
Reference Angles
Quad I
Quad II
Quad III
Quad IV
= = 180
= 180 = 360
=
= 2 =
Unit circle
Radius of the circle is 1.
x = cos()
y = sin()
Pythagorean Theorem:
This gives the identity:
Zeros of sin() are where n is an integer.
Zeros of cos() are where n is an
integer.


1 ) sin( 1 s s u
1 ) cos( 1 s s u
1
2 2
= + y x
1 ) ( sin ) ( cos
2 2
= + u u
t n
t
t
n +
2
Graphs of sine & cosine
Fundamental period of sine and cosine is 2.
Domain of sine and cosine is
Range of sine and cosine is [|A|+D, |A|+D].
The amplitude of a sine and cosine graph is |A|.
The vertical shift or average value of sine and
cosine graph is D.
The period of sine and cosine graph is
The phase shift or horizontal shift is

D C Bx A x g
D C Bx A x f
+ =
+ =
) cos( ) (
) sin( ) (
.
2
B
t
.
B
C
. 9
Sine graphs
y = sin(x)
y = sin(3x)
y = 3sin(x)
y = sin(x 3)
y = sin(x) + 3
y = 3sin(3x-9)+3
y = sin(x)
y = sin(x/3)
Graphs of cosine
y = cos(x)
y = cos(3x)
y = cos(x 3)
y = 3cos(x)
y = cos(x) + 3
y = 3cos(3x 9) + 3
y = cos(x)
y = cos(x/3)
Tangent and cotangent graphs
Fundamental period of tangent and cotangent is
.
Domain of tangent is where n is an
integer.
Domain of cotangent where n is an
integer.
Range of tangent and cotangent is
The period of tangent or cotangent graph is

D C Bx A x g
D C Bx A x f
+ =
+ =
) cot( ) (
) tan( ) (
)
`

+ = t
t
n x x
2
|
{ } t n x x = |
. 9
.
B
t
Graphs of tangent and cotangent
y = tan(x)
Vertical asymptotes at
y = cot(x)
Verrical asymptotes at
. t n x = .
2
t
t
n x + =
Graphs of secant and cosecant
y = sec(x)
Vertical asymptotes at
Range: (, 1] U [1, )
y = cos(x)

y = csc(x)
Vertical asymptotes at
Range: (, 1] U [1, )
y = sin(x)

.
2
t
t
n x + =
. t n x =
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
and Trig Equations
) arctan( ) ( tan
1
x x y = =

) arcsin( ) ( sin
1
x x y = =

) arccos( ) ( cos
1
x x y = =

(

2
,
2
t t
Domain: [1, 1]

Range:
0 < y < 1, solutions in QI and QII.
1 < y < 0, solutions in QIII and QIV.
Domain: [1, 1]

Range: [0, ]
0 < y < 1, solutions in QI and QIV.
1< y < 0, solutions in QII and QIII.
|
.
|

\
|

2
,
2
t t
Domain:

Range:
0 < y < 1, solutions in QI and QIII.
1 < y < 0, solutions in QII and QIV.
9
Trigonometric Identities
Summation & Difference Formulas
) tan( ) tan( 1
) tan( ) tan(
) tan(
) sin( ) sin( ) cos( ) cos( ) cos(
) sin( ) cos( ) cos( ) sin( ) sin(
B A
B A
B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A

=
=
=
Trigonometric Identities
Double Angle Formulas
) ( tan 1
) tan( 2
) 2 tan(
1 ) ( cos 2 ) ( sin 2 1 ) ( sin ) ( cos ) 2 cos(
) cos( ) sin( 2 ) 2 sin(
2
2 2 2 2
A
A
A
A A A A A
A A A

=
= = =
=
Trigonometric Identities
Half Angle Formulas
) cos( 1
) cos( 1
2
tan
2
) cos( 1
2
cos
2
) cos( 1
2
sin
A
A A
A A
A A
+

=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|
The quadrant of
2
A
determines the sign.
Law of Sines & Law of Cosines
) sin( ) sin( ) sin(
) sin( ) sin( ) sin(
C
c
B
b
A
a
c
C
b
B
a
A
= =
= =
) cos( 2
) cos( 2
) cos( 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
A bc c b a
B ac c a b
C ab b a c
+ =
+ =
+ =
Law of sines Law of cosines
Use when you have a
complete ratio: SSA.
Use when you have SAS, SSS.
Vectors
A vector is an object that has a magnitude and a direction.
Given two points P1: and P2: on the plane, a
vector v that connects the points from P1 to P2 is
v = i + j.
Unit vectors are vectors of length 1.
i is the unit vector in the x direction.
j is the unit vector in the y direction.
A unit vector in the direction of v is v/||v||
A vector v can be represented in component form
by v = v
x
i + v
y
j.
The magnitude of v is ||v|| =
Using the angle that the vector makes with x-axis in
standard position and the vectors magnitude, component
form can be written as v = ||v||cos()i + ||v||sin()j
2 2
y x
v v +
) , (
1 1
y x ) , (
2 2
y x
) (
1 2
x x ) (
1 2
y y
Vector Operations
Scalar multiplication: A vector can be multiplied by any scalar (or number).
Example: Let v = 5i + 4j, k = 7. Then kv = 7(5i + 4j) = 35i + 28j.
Dot Product: Multiplication of two vectors.
Let v = v
x
i + v
y
j, w = w
x
i + w
y
j.
v w = v
x
w
x
+ v
y
w
y

Example: Let v = 5i + 4j, w = 2i + 3j.
v w = (5)(2) + (4)(3) = 10 + 12 = 2.
Two vectors v and w are orthogonal (perpendicular) iff v w = 0.
Addition/subtraction of vectors: Add/subtract same components.
Example Let v = 5i + 4j, w = 2i + 3j.
v + w = (5i + 4j) + (2i + 3j) = (5 2)i + (4 + 3)j = 3i + 7j.
3v 2w = 3(5i + 4j) 2(2i + 3j) = (15i + 12j) + (4i 6j) = 19i + 6j.
||3v 2w|| =
9 . 19 397 6 19
2 2
~ = +
Alternate Dot Product formula v w = ||v||||w||cos(). The angle is the
angle between the two vectors.

w
v
Acknowledgements
Unit Circle: http://www.davidhardison.com/math/trig/unit_circle.gif
Text: Blitzer, Precalculus Essentials, Pearson Publishing, 2006.