History of Nursing Education

Nursing is the protection, promotion, and

optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations (ANA, 2003)

Definition of Nursing
Nursing encompasses autonomous and
collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups, and communities, sick or well in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people (International Council of Nurses, 2002).

Definition of Nursing
Advocacy, promotion of a safe
environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles (ICN, 2002).

Definition of Nursing
Nursing = Care of Others Blend of Art and Science

History of Nursing
Ancient Civilizations through the Renaissance
Illness had supernatural causes Women delivered custodial care to family Medicine men treated disease As civilizations grew priests were seen as physicians Under Christianity educated and wealthy women dedicated themselves to care of the sick Phoebe became the 1st Deaconess During the Crusades all-male military orders flourished and all-female religious orders declined During the Renaissance medicine moved into the University Male nurses vanished from profession Home major locality for nursing care Only poor hospitalized, cared for by prostitutes and female criminals

History of Nursing
Colonialism and Revolution
Physicians not required to have license Hospital care only available in cities Mentally ill warehoused More soldiers died in Revolutionary War due to disease than wounds

History of Nursing
Industrialization
Population explosion Increased incidence illness, injury, and early mortality Hospitals opened Schools of nursing started: Sisters of Charity, Kaiserworth school of nursing in Germany 1836, Dr Joseph Warrington in Philadelphia 1839

History of Nursing
Influence of War
Crimean war, notable for Florence Nightingale American Civil War, emergence of early nursing leaders Training for nurses more apprenticeship than education, hospital-based schools of nursing WWI, female nurses under control of male hospital administrators and physicians WWII, large # women working outside home Increased need for nurses Move into university and college settings

History of Nursing
Influence of War
Korean War, growth of AD programs in community colleges Vietnam War, expansion civilian hospitals, advancement of specialization Concept of nursing diagnosis Masters and PhD programs in nursing

Current Trends in Nursing

Change in education, disappearance of hospital based

schools of nursing Nursing shortage Evidence-based practice Decreased hospital length of stay Community based nursing Aging population Increase in chronic health conditions Culturally competent nursing care Increase costs of health care/managed care

Major Factors to Evolution of Nursing

Industrial revolution Wars Closure of diploma programs Nursing shortage Movement from inpatient to outpatient Increasing costs of health care

Florence Nightingale
Wealthy well-educated In Crimean War reduced soldiers mortality

from 42.7% to 2.2% in 6 months Established training school for nurses Wrote books about healthcare and nursing education Notes on Nursing

Florence Nightingale
1st Nursing Theorist Nursing is separate and distinct from

medicine All women are natural nurses Emphasized importance of environment: fresh air, cleanliness, nutrition Maintained accurate records, 1st Nursing Researcher

Is Nursing a Profession?
Well-defined body of specific and unique knowledge that undergoes

continual growth through research Services provided are vital to human beings and the welfare of society Practitioners have autonomy and control their own policies and activities Practitioners are motivated by the service they provide and consider their work important to their lives (altruism) Practitioners decisions and conduct are guided by a code of ethics Professional organization sets standards Practitioners receive education in institutions of higher learning

Registered Nursing Education

Diploma in Nursing Associate Degree in Nursing Baccalaureate in Nursing Direct entry Masters Degree in Nursing Advanced practice Masters in Nursing PhD in Nursing

Physical Sciences A&P Biology Microbiology Chemistry Pathophysiology Food & Nutrition Pharmacology

Humanities Ethics Literature History Philosophy

NURSING
Abnormal Psychology Psychology Sociology Growth & Development Social Sciences

Research Mathematics & Statistics

Writing & Composition

Liberal Arts & Nursing

Professional Nursing Organizations

American Nurses Association (ANA):
establishes standards of practice, encourages research to advance nursing practice, and represents nursing for legislative actions National Student Nurses Association (NSNA)
OSNA

Professional Nursing Organizations

National League for Nursing (NLN): foster

development and improvement of nursing education; voluntary accreditation American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN): national accreditation for collegiate nursing programs International Council of Nurses (ICN) Specialty Nursing Organizations: Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing

Professional Organizations and Nursing Process

Term 1st used in 1955 ANA Standards of Nursing Practice Canadian Nurses Association standard of

effective use of nursing process Joint Commission of Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations requires care documentation according to nursing process ANA recommends educational programs incorporate nursing process

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