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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

By: Dr Sunita Dwivedi

Research may be defined as a Systematic approach/method consisting of articulating the

problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting the


facts or data, analyzing the facts and reaching certain conclusions, either in the form of solution towards the concerned problem or in certain generalizations for some theoretical formulation.

MANAGEMENT RESEARCH An applied research directed to aid the manager in his decision-making and in understanding the decision making

process.

CHARACTERS OF MR
Reporting- to furnish data, information or statistics Descriptive- to explain single event or characters thru statistical analysis Explanatory it explains the phenomena, hypothesis and theories marks this kind of research Predictive generally useful in planning the activities of a firm

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Research may also be defined as a scientific study, which by means of logical and systematized techniques, aims to... Discover new facts or verify and test old facts Analyze their sequences, inter-relationships and explanations which are derived within an appropriate theoretical frame of reference Develop new scientific tools, concepts, and theories which would facilitate reliable and valid study of human behavior in decision

making.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Direct observation Clearly defined variables

Clearly defined methods


Empirically testable Elimination of alternatives

Statistical justification
Self-correcting process

H OW T O C O N D U C T R E S E A RC H By the help of setting Research Methodology And setting Appropriate Research Methods

TYPES OF RESEARCH
Qualitative Vs Quantitative Applied Vs Fundamental Descriptive Vs Analytical Conceptual Vs Empirical

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OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
To know the Cause Effect relationship To further investigate logic so as to proceed for Invention/innovation/discovery To determine the intensity of relationship and

its impact over one on other.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Components includes: 1. Research Problems

2. Review Literature and Framing of Hyothesis


3. Research Methods 4. Interpretation, Findings and Conclusions

COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH METHODS

Area of Research Location Mode of Data Collection Sample Design Setting Scale Designing Test and Tools

CONSTRUCT
In the context of survey research, a construct is the abstract idea, underlying theme, or subject matter that one wishes to measure using survey questions.

VARIABLES
Independent (or experimental) variable: There are two types of independent variables: Active and

attribute.
2. Dependent variable (or Criterion measure): This is the variable that is affected by the

independent variable.

Intervening (Mediating) Variables: a hypothetical concept that attempts to explain the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

(Baron & Kenny, 1986). For example Sales of


product tends to show the impact of companies Marketing Strategy driving to create consumer base for a company. Good will of a company impetus brand value in

market.

Moderator Variable: A variable that is related to the direction or strength of the relationship between the

independent and dependent variables (Baron & Kenny,


1986). For example Larger the Sales of product greater will be the consumer base for a company having good

marketing strategy.

CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES
Classification of variables

Categorically (Quali)

Continuous (Qunaty)

CATEGORICAL VARIABLES
Nominal variables are variables that have two or more categories, but which do not have an intrinsic order. Like Classes- Upper, Middle, lower Dichotomous variables are nominal variables which have only two categories or levels. Like Male/ Female Ordinal variables are variables that have two or more categories just like nominal variables only the categories can also be ordered or ranked.

Like Upper Class has greater income than Middle Class.

CONTINUOUS
Interval variables are variables for which their central characteristic is that they can be measured along a continuum and they have a numerical value (for example, temperature measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit). Ratio variables are interval variables, but with the added condition that 0 (zero) of the measurement indicates that there is none of that

variable.

LOGIC OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1.

Deductive Logic- Is the study of validity and not of truth, like All those studying has to appear in exams-

2.

Inductive Logic- when inference is drawn from work hard will get success in examination.

the

evidence in the form of conclusion, like all those who

3.

Inductive- Deductive thinking

EXAMPLE EXHIBIT 2-1 WHY DIDNT SALES INCREASE?

ETHICS IN MANAGEMENT RESEARCH


Societal norms adopted by a group A conception of conduct that is right or wrong

Deal with fundamental human relationships


Are a universal human trait

REASONS FOR ETHICAL BUSINESS BEHAVIOR


Fulfill public expectations for business Prevent harming others Improve business relations

Improve employee productivity


Reduce penalties Protect business from others Protect employees from their employers

Promote personal morality

BUSINESS ETHICS ACROSS ORGANIZATIONAL FUNCTIONS


Accounting ethics honesty, integrity, accuracy Marketing ethics (Professional Codes of Conduct in Marketing & Information Systems from American Marketing Association) Information systems ethics Others

ETHICS IN RESEARCH WHY?


To protect rights and welfare of research participants and to protect the wider society or

community within which the research is being


conducted.

ACTIVITY
Frame 5 burring issues into research problem and frame it in away a investigation for research.

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