EE 551/451, Fall, 2007

Communication Systems

Zhu Han

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Class 1

Aug. 28
nd
, 2007


EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Outline
Instructor information
Motivation to study communication systems
Course descriptions and textbooks
What you will study from this course
Objectives
Coverage and schedule
Homework, projects, and exams
Other policies
Reasons to be my students
Background and Preview

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Instructor Information
Office location: MEC 202B
Office hours: Wed. 1:30pm -4:00pm
Email: zhuhan@boisestate.edu
Phone: 208-426-4059
Course website:
http://coen.boisestate.edu/zhuhan/EE451_551_fall07.htm
Research interests:
Wireless Networking, Resource Allocation, and Security


EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Motivations
Recent Development
Satellite Communications
Telecommunication: Internet boom at the end of last decade
Wireless Communication: next boom? iPhone
Job Market
Probably one of most easy and high paid majors recently
Intel changes to wireless,
Qualcom, Broadcom, TI, Marvell, Cypress
Research Potential
One to one communication has less room to go, but
multiuser communication is still an open issue.
Wimax, 3G, next generation WLAN

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Course Descriptions
What is the communication system?
What are the major types?
Analog or Digital
Satellite, Fiber, Wireless
What are the theorems?
What are the major components?
How is the information transmitted?
What are the current industrial standards?
What are the state-of-art research?
Can I find a job by studying this course?
Can I find research topics?

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Textbook and Software
Require textbook:
Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th edition, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Require Software: MATLAB
http://www.mathworks.com/ or type helpwin in Matlab environment
Recommended readings
Digital communications: J. Proakis, Digital Communications
Random process: G.R. Grimmett and D.R. Stirzaker, Probability and
Random Processes
Estimation and detection: H.V. Poor, An introduction to Signal
Detection and Estimation
Information theory: T. M. Cover and J. A. Thomas, Elements of
Information Theory
Error correct coding: P.Sweeney, Error Control Coding

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Schedule
8/28: background and preview
8/30 ~9/4: Chapter 1: Basic Math
9/6-9/20: Chapter 2: AM FM
9/25-10/4: Chapter 3: Other analog communication
10/9: Midterm 1 (Chapter 0-Chapter 3)
10/11-10/23: Chapter 4: digital modulation
10/25-11/1: Chapter 5: digital signal representation
11/6-11/13: Chapter 6: passband digital transmssion
11/29: Midterm 2 (Chapter 4-Chapter 6)
11/15-11/27: Chapter 7: CDMA
12/4-12/6: Chapter 8: Wireless networks
12/11-12/13: Chapter 10: Channel coding
Final Exam (Chapter 7, 8, 10)
Need to change one class in 11/27 due to a conference

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Homework, Project, and Exam
Homework
2 questions per week for undergraduate, 3~4 for graduate
Projects: simple MATLAB programs
AM/FM Modulation
BPSK Modulation (undergraduate), BPSK/MQAM (graduate)
TI DSP board
Exams
Three independent exams
Votes for the percentages for homework, projects, and exams
Participations
Attendance and Feedback

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Teaching Styles
Slides plus black board
Slides can convey more information in an organized way
Blackboard is better for equations and prevents you from
not coming.
Course Website
Print handouts with 3 slides per page before you come
Homework assignment and solutions
Project descriptions and preliminary codes
Feedback
Too fast, too slow
Presentation, English,

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Other Policies
Any violation of academic integrity will receive academic and
possibly disciplinary sanctions, including the possible awarding
of an XF grade which is recorded on the transcript and states that
failure of the course was due to an act of academic dishonesty.
All acts of academic dishonesty are recorded so repeat offenders
can be sanctioned accordingly.
CHEATING
COPYING ON A TEST
PLAGIARISM
ACTS OF AIDING OR ABETTING
UNAUTHORIZED POSSESSION
SUBMITTING PREVIOUS WORK
TAMPERING WITH WORK
GHOSTING or MISREPRESENTATION
ALTERING EXAMS
COMPUTER THEFT

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Reasons to be my students
Wireless Communication and Networking have great market
Usually highly paid and have potential to retire overnight
Highly interdisciplinary
Do not need to find research topics which are the most difficult
part.
Research Assistant
Free trips to conferences in Alaska, Hawaii, Europe, Asia
A kind of nice (at least looks like)
Work with hope and happiness
Graduate fast

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Communication System
A
B
Engineering System
Genetic System
Social System
History and fact of communication

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Communication System Components
Source
Coder
Channel
Coder
Modulation
+
Source
decoder
Channel
decoder
demodulation
Distortion and noise
transmitter
channel
receiver
Source
input
Reconstructed
Signal
output
D/A
A/D

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Communication Process
Message Signal
Symbol
Encoding
Transmission
Decoding
Re-creation

Broadcast
Point to Point

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Telecommunication
Telegraph
Fixed line telephone
Cable
Wired networks
Internet
Fiber communications
Communication bus inside computers to communicate
between CPU and memory


EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Wireless Communications
Satellite
TV
Cordless phone
Cellular phone
Wireless LAN, WIFI
Wireless MAN, WIMAX
Bluetooth
Ultra Wide Band
Wireless Laser
Microwave
GPS
Ad hoc/Sensor Networks

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Analog or Digital
Common Misunderstanding: Any transmitted signals are
ANALOG. NO DIGITAL SIGNAL CAN BE TRANSMITTED
Analog Message: continuous in amplitude and over time
AM, FM for voice sound
Traditional TV for analog video
First generation cellular phone (analog mode)
Record player
Digital message: 0 or 1, or discrete value
VCD, DVD
2G/3G cellular phone
Data on your disk
Your grade
Digital age: why digital communication will prevail

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Source Coder
Examples
Digital camera: encoder;
TV/computer: decoder
Camcorder
Phone
Read the book
Theorem
How much information is
measured by Entropy
More randomness, high
entropy and more information



EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Channel, Bandwidth, Spectrum
Bandwidth: the number of bits per second is proportional to B
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf


EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Power, Channel, Noise
Transmit power
Constrained by device, battery, health issue, etc.
Channel responses to different frequency and different time
Satellite: almost flat over frequency, change slightly over time
Cable or line: response very different over frequency, change
slightly over time.
Fiber: perfect
Wireless: worst. Multipath reflection causes fluctuation in
frequency response. Doppler shift causes fluctuation over time
Noise and interference
AWGN: Additive White Gaussian noise
Interferences: power line, microwave, other users (CDMA phone)

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Shannon Capacity
Shannon Theory
It establishes that given a noisy channel with information capacity C and
information transmitted at a rate R, then if R<C, there exists a coding
technique which allows the probability of error at the receiver to be made
arbitrarily small. This means that theoretically, it is possible to transmit
information without error up to a limit, C.
The converse is also important. If R>C, the probability of error at the
receiver increases without bound as the rate is increased. So no useful
information can be transmitted beyond the channel capacity. The theorem
does not address the rare situation in which rate and capacity are equal.
Shannon Capacity

s bit SNR B C / ) 1 ( log
2
+ =

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Modulation
Process of varying a carrier signal
in order to use that signal to
convey information
Carrier signal can transmit far
away, but information cannot
Modem: amplitude, phase, and
frequency
Analog: AM, amplitude, FM,
frequency, Vestigial sideband
modulation, TV
Digital: mapping digital
information to different
constellation: Frequency-shift
key (FSK)

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Example
Figure 10
Modulation over carrier fc
s(t)=Accos(2tfct) for symbol 1; -Accos(2tfct) for symbol 0
Transmission from channel
x(t)=s(t)+w(t)
Correlator


Decoding
If the correlator output yT is greater than 0, the receiver output
symbol 1; otherwise it outputs symbol 0.

+
+
= =
}
0 , 5 . 0
1 , 5 . 0
) 2 cos( ) (
0
symbol for w A
symbol for w A
dt t f t x y
T c
T c
T
c T
t

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Channel Coding
Purpose
Deliberately add redundancy to the transmitted information, so
that if the error occurs, the receiver can either detect or correct it.
Source-channel separation theorem
If the delay is not an issue, the source coder and channel coder can
be designed separately, i.e. the source coder tries to pack the
information as hard as possible and the channel coder tries to
protect the packet information.
Popular coder
Linear block code
Cyclic codes (CRC)
Convolutional code (Viterbi, Qualcom)
LDPC codes, Turbo code, 0.1 dB to Channel Capacity

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Quality of a Link (service, QoS)
Mean Square Error

Signal to noise ratio (SNR)


Bit error rate
Frame error rate
Packet drop rate
Peak SNR (PSNR)
SINR/SNIR: signal to noise plus interference ratio
Human factor

=
=
N
i
i i
X X
N
MSE
1
2
|

|
1
2 2
o o
G P P
tx rec
= = I

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Communication Networks
Connection of 2 or more distinct (possibly dissimilar) networks.
Requires some kind of network device to facilitate the
connection.
Internet

Net A Net B

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Broadband Communication

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
OSI Model
Open Systems Interconnections; Course offered next semester

EE 541/451 Fall 2007
TCP/IP Architecture
TCP/IP is the de facto
global data
communications standard.
It has a lean 3-layer
protocol stack that can be
mapped to five of the
seven in the OSI model.
TCP/IP can be used with
any type of network, even
different types of networks
within a single session.


EE 541/451 Fall 2007
Summary
Course Descriptions
Communication System Structure
Basic Block Diagram
Typical Communication systems
Analog or Digital
Entropy to Measure the Quantity of Information
Channels
Shannon Capacity
Spectrum Allocation
Modulation
Communication Networks