Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction to
Petroleum Technology
Miri #1 Drilling Rig
Seismic Boat
Oil Refinery
AMK-ORSB
Transportation
Overview
This 1-day course is designed to familiarize non-technical personnel in the petroleum and related government, financial, legal, and service industries with the basics of the upstream (exploration and production) petroleum industry via slides, and computer illustrations. The course will provide an overview of most aspects of the petroleum industry, including exploration, drilling, reserves, production, and economics.
Lecture 1
Course Outline Petroleum: a definition History of Oil Exploration in Malaysia Geology Exploration Techniques Prospect Evaluation Drilling Field Evaluation Production Refining Materials and Products Energy Usage
AMK-ORSB
What is Petroleum
petroleum (p-tr'l-m) n. A thick, flammable, clear-yellow to black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth's surface, can be separated into fractions including natural gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, and asphalt and is used as raw material for a wide variety of derivative products. Latin petra, rock; see petrous + Latin leum, oil;
Oil seepages
Peninsular Malaysia first discovery was at Sotong field offshore Terengganu in 1976. Subsequent field we discovered such as Seligi (the largest 800 MMSTB), Tapis, Guntong and Tinggi. Large Gas field were also discovered such as Duyung, Sepat and Angsi.
Recent discovery is in deep-water offshore Sabah by Murphy (Kikeh field; about 400-600 MMSTB)
Kikeh PFSO
H-C-H H-C-C-C-C-H
H
methane
H H H H
n-Butane
C6H12
Benzene C6H6
CH4
C4H10
Aromatics
Benzene C6H6 Anthracene C14H10
Cyclo Hexane
C6H12
Napthol C10H7OH
S Benzothiophene
Petroleum Geology
Rock types Oil and gas origin Oil and gas migration and accumulation Traps Exploration methods.
ROCKS TYPES
IGNEOUS ROCKS
formed from molten magma at the surface or subsurface of the earth.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
formed at the surface of the earth, either by accumulation and later cementation of fragments of rocks, minerals and organism, or as percipitates and organic growths from sea water and other solutions.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
formed from the transformation of other rocks, while in the solid state, by heat, pressure and chemically active fluids to which they were subjected.
Igneous Rocks
Geologists recognize three major rock groups, each of which has a characteristic mode of formation. Each major rock group can be subdivided based on composition and texture. Igneous rocks form by cooling and crystallization of molten material. Slow cooling within Earth produces intrusive igneous rock such as granite. Faster cooling at Earths surface yields extrusive igneous rocks such as basalt.
basalt granite
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks form by: 1) consolidation of rock fragments, 2) precipitation of minerals from solution 3) compaction of plant or animal remains Sedimentary rocks are very useful for interpreting Earth history
limestone
conglomerate
Metamorphic Rocks
gneiss
Metamorphic rocks form beneath Earths surface when other rocks are transformed by heat, pressure, and/or chemically active fluids. Foliated metamorphic rocks, gneiss for example, contain layers or bands formed by the parallel alignment of minerals due to pressure. Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, such as quartzite, lack pressure-induced layering and commonly form due to heat.
quartzite
Source Rocks
Rich in Organic Matter 7 10% of the total Weight (TOC) Enough thickness Example: Black shale Lacustrine Shale Coals Organic matter also known as Kerogen
Shale
Coal
Petroleum Geology
SOURCE ROCKS
T, Pressure
SEDIMENTS
T, Pressure
GAS
Fault
0 1
immature
60
2 3
initial maturity (zone of oil generation)
80
Depth (km)
Oil
115
4 5
mature & post mature (high temp. methane)
130
165 180
6
Heavy Hydrocarbon Light Hydrocarbon Methane
Seal Rock - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move
effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)
EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES:
EXPLORATION METHODS
DIRECT (Surface)
GEOLOGICAL
GEOPHYSICAL
GEOCHEMICAL
Seepages
Gravimetric
Surface
Outcrops
Magnetic
Seismic
Electrical
Anticline
Fault Pinchout
Salt Dome
Unconformity
Milliseconds
2000
3000
1 km
Milliseconds
2000
3000
1 km
Faults
Salt Dome
Faults
Structural Geology Provides an understanding of the process of deformation of the subsurface due to external forces.
Prospect Evaluation
In the area where all elements of hydrocarbon system are present: Source Rock Reservoir Rock Seal Rock/Cap Rock
Sufficient Charge
Traps How effective the Petroleum system of the area? Need to quantify how much you got and translate to $$$ for further evaluation
Oil
OWC
water
GR Res GR Res OWC
H H
STOIIP(stb) = HCPV*1/Bo (Bo = Oil shrinkage factor or Formation volume factor) STOIIP = Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place UR(stb) = HCPV*1/Bo * Rec Factor UR = Ultimate Reserves or Recoverable Reserves Reserves(stb) = UR - Cummulative Production
Definition Stock Tank Oil Initially in-place Gas Initially in-place Oil Originally in-place (at Reservoir)
Proved reserves (1P) Proved + Probable reserves (2P) Proved + Probable + Possible reserves (3P) P50 reserves = 2P reserves
Cumulative probability %
P(x)=85% Low
50
C
0 0 100 200
P(x)=15% High
X 300 400
STOIIP (MMstb)
EV = Expected value
COMMERCIAL
RESERVES
PROVED PROVED + PROBABLE PROVED + PROBABLE + POSSIBLE
On Production Under Development Planned for Development Development Pending Development on-hold Development Not Viable
SUB-COMMERCIAL
Play
UNRECOVERABLE
RANGE OF UNCERTAINTY STATUS
Source: PETRONAS Definition and guideline for classification of Petroleum Resources 2005 Revision
Drilling
To prove that there is actual hydrocarbon present in the rocks!. Wildcat well: first well drilled for the prospect Appraisal well: the wells drilled to appraise the prospect (How much hydrocarbon there is) Dry well: The well that did not have any hydrocarbon present (Water wet, tight, shale out etcs) Shows: Some traces of hydrocarbon present but not enough to do further tests
Well Bore
Sedimentary layers
Sonde
Wells are drilled to test our geological model (besides to find oil/gas, of course). Drilling gives direct access to subsurface geology, via samples (rocks an fluids), and wireline logs Many types of logs indirect determination of rock and fluid type.
Core Bits
Subsurface Sampling
Core
To determine: Porosity Horizontal permeability Grain density Grain size Mineralogy Petrography Fossils Sedimentary structures Special core Analysis Vertical permeability Relative permeability Capillary pressure Cementation Core Plug Saturation
Cores un-slabbed
Slabbed cores
MDT Tool
North Sea
Qatar Gas
Refining
An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. Oil refineries are typically large sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units.
Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractionating column is cooler at the top than at the bottom because the fractions at the top have lower boiling points than the fractions at the bottom. The heavier fractions that emerge from the bottom of the fractionating column are often broken up (cracked) to make more useful products. All of the fractions are subsequently routed to other refining units for further processing.
Refining
Refinery
Malaysia Refining Capacity: Melaka Refinery (Petronas) 126K b/d Melaka Refinery (Petronas&ConocoPhillips) 93K b/d Kerteh (Petronas) 40K b/d Port Dickson (Shell) 155K b/d Port Dickson (ExxonMobil) 86K b/d
Sulphur
Crude Oil
Shorter Chain Molecules
H2 S
Desulphurisation
Platformer
Petrol Kerosene
Gas Oil
Diesel
Vacuum Gas Oil
Long Residue
Hyrdrocracker
Distillation
Long Chain Molecules
Bitumen
Butane De-asphalting
Hydrogen
Roads
Asphalt
Fuel oil
Refinery Processes
To get high value products and profitability. The refinery employed several process to increase the amount of high value product: Typical processes includes: Hydrocracking Plat-forming (Platinum reforming) Hydrogen recovery Sulfur recovery GTL (gas to liquid) We can see some of these units within the refinery complexes built as a separate petrochemical plants that get their raw feedstock from the main refinery.
Refinery Processes
Detail Flow Diagram of a typical modern refinery
Hydrocracker
FCC
CDU
Cat Reforming
Gasoline components
USA
CHINA
ALGERIA GOM IRAQ INDIA
Hydrocarbon Production
Hydrocarbon Usage
1984
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1986
1988
1990
1992
Year
1994
100
New Technologies
Nuclear Electric
60
40
20
Crude Oil
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
2060
2080
3000
Year
Europe
North America
85.1
20.7
65.4
Middle East
673.7
S. & Cent. America
Billion barrels
Africa
Asia Pacific
75.4
89.5
43.1
Hydrocarbon Reserves
RUMAILA:10 Bbbl
AZADEGAN AGHA JARI PARSI RAMSHIR RAG-E-SAFIQ
RUDAK-MILATUN
KUWAIT
BURGAN WAFRA DORRA HOUT KHAFJI ZULUF
KUH-E-KAKI KUH-I-MAND
JAUF SHARAR
IRAN
VARAVI
NAR SAFANIYAH: 19 Bbbl KARAN NORTH KANGAN PARS JANA ASSALUYEH SOUTH PARS QESHIM AL RAYYAN DAMMAM AL-SHAEEN BALAL GAVARZIN HENJAM
SARKHUN SURU
ABQAIQ: 17 Bbbl
KHURAIS GHAWAR
JARAM
ABQAIQ
BAHRAIN
AWALI DUKHAN
NORTH FIELD
AL-KHALIJ
MAYDAN MAHZAM
North Dome/South BUKHA SALEH Pars: 900+ TcfFATEH MUBAREK FARZAM SALIM
HAMIDIYAH MOVEYEID SAJAA KAHAIF MARGHAM
NOSRAT BUL HANINEFALAH UMM NASR RASHID SHAIF MANDOUS UMMA DHOLOU AL KARKARA BUNDUQ 1 1
UAE
GHAWAR: 70 Bbbl
OMAN
20 Bbbl
Saudi Arabia Canada Iraq Kuwait UAE Iran Venezuela Russia Libya Nigeria USA China Qatar Algeria Oman Angola Indonesia
Russia Iran Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE USA Algeria Venezuela Nigeria Iraq Indonesia Australia Malaysia Norway Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Kazakhtan Canada Egypt
Saudi Arabia Russia USA Iran Brazil Iraq Greenland Nigeria Kazakhtan Venezuela Mexico Norway Angola China Surinam Turkmenista Australia Indonesia UAE Algeria
OFFSHORE
ONSHORE
What happen if we ran out of oil?. Humans will find alternative energy sources..
THANK YOU
DISCLAIMER: Whilst the information and interpretation presented here are believed to be correct, no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to the completeness, accuracy or fairness of any information contained in this presentation and no responsibility is accepted in relation to such information, whether fact or whether opinion or conclusion that may be drawn. Any decisions based on information contained in this presentation are the responsibility of the reader.