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ADRENAL GLAND
1.The adrenal, or suprarenal, gland is paired. 2.They are located on the upper portion of each kidney
ADRENAL GLAND
Adrenal Gland is divided into TWO distinct parts: 1. Adrenal Cortex from mesoderm 2. Adrenal Medulla from ectoderm
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
From Mesoderm
Figure 25.9a
ADRENAL CORTEX
ADRENAL CORTEX
The adrenal cortex is divided into: 1. Zona glomerulosa 2. Zona fasciculata 3. Zona reticularis
Adrenal Cortex
Zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone Zona fasciculata glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol Zona reticularis
Androgens e.g. testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES
They are all steroids The synthesis of the hormones involves cytochrome P-450 enzymes The enzymes are located in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum Each zone secretes the hormones of ONLY one pathway according to the group of enzymes present
Zona fasciculata
It secretes the Glucocorticoids The most important are cortisol and corticosterone Found mainly bound to plasma globulin, transcortin They are regulated by pituitary ACTH It is converted in the liver to inactive cortisone CORTISOL
Control of cortisol
ACTH
AFFECTED BY:
Individual biorhythms
ACTH LEVELS ARE HIGHEST 2 HOURS BEFORE AND JUST AFTER AWAKENING. usually 5AM - 7AM these gradually decrease rest of day
Stresssecretion
Actions of Glucocorticoids
Increases blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis which leads to glycogenesis and inhibiting action of insulin on glucose uptake Inhibits amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in extrahepatic tissues (catabolism), while stimulating these processes in the liver (anabolism). Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue releasing FFA Water excretion due to the inhibitory effect of cortisol on ADH Inhibits inflammatory and allergic reactions by Inhibiting immune response due to the destruction of lymphoid tissue resulting in decreased production of antibody, lymphocytes, basophils, and easinophils.
SUGAR
CORTISOL
b. FATS-control of fat metabolism
stimulates
SUGAR
Other
fxs of Cortisol
Zona Glomerulosa
It secretes the mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone The main mineralocorticoid in humans is aldosterone It is found bound to albumin in the blood It regulates Na balance and blood pressure
ALDOSTERONE
Control of Aldosterone
By the renin-angiotensin system: 1.In response to drop in blood pressure 2.Decreased osmolality
Structure of Nephron
C O R T E X
Glomerulus
Loop Of Henle Collecting Duct
M E D U L L A
1.
2.
Tubule
Na K/ H
Kidney
Angiotensin I
Renin
Angiotensinogen
Liver
Actions of Aldosterone
Stimulates sodium reabsorption in the kidneys Stimulates the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions Indirectly increases blood pressure
SALT
Question:
If your Na level is low, will aldosterone secretion or If your serum K+ level is high, will aldosterone secretion or
Zona reticularis
It is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex It is relatively inactive and physiologically unimportant It secretes androgens In the female, they may contribute to the pubertal and postmenopausal changes
SEX
ANDROGENS
hormones which characteristics
release
male
of testosterone
ADRENAL MEDULLA
ADRENAL MEDULLA
Fight or flight What is released by the adrenal medulla?
CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
ADRENAL MEDULLA
It secretes the catecholamines, adrenaline (80%) and noradrenaline (20%) They are called the fight or flight hormones or the 3Fs (fear, flight, flight) Opioid peptides are also synthesized and co secreted with the hormones They are released in response to stimulation by acetylcholine from the preganglionic sympathetic nerve endings
Increase blood glucose by: 1. Promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver 2. Inhibit secretion of insulin Stimulate lipolysis with resultant increase in FFA Increase heart rate contraction and cause branchodilatation Increase constriction of visceral blood vessels and vasodilatation of skeletal muscles Decrease function of visceral organs Increase the basal metabolic rate and total oxygen consumption (calorigenic)