Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BY
David M. Ndetei Professor of Psychiatry
SOME PRINCIPLES
1) Dominant Genes:
With complete penetrance With incomplete penetrance
Anybody with a dominant gene for a given conditions has a 50% chance of developing the condition. But not all people with Dominant Genes for a particular condition develop the condition. And for those who develop the condition, it varies considerable in degree
2) Recessive Genes You need to inherit such genes from both biological parents for the genes to find expression 3) Poly genetic i.e. Several genes acting synergistically to produce a condition
1) Identical Twins Same biological parents, same sex, share same genes
2) No identical Twins same biological parents, but share only of the genes Same or different sexes
WHY MOST OF THE STUDIES HAVE BEEN DONE IN DENMARK Denmark has a standard practice going back to early last century on personal records from birth across the lifespan. With a touch of a bottom you can generate the Genealogy of a person going back to many generations
Identical Non-Identical
Note: Environment could be: - Physical, psychological, social, cultural, past events, economic/poverty, ignorance e.g. a obese man or obese woman is a sign of a caring spouse or Nyama choma with a lot of salt to make it testy and as often as possible is a sign of good eating or doing physical work on your garden is a sign of poverty Results - % congruence of developing schizophrenic illness 1. a> b> c> d 2. a + b > c + d
Conclusion: The environment has a modulating effect on the expression of the biological consequence of genes. We call this Genetic Plasticity
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
1) Having a genetic predisposition for a certain condition does not mean the person will develop the condition e.g. a person with a genetic predisposition for diabetes can significantly reduce the clinical chances of developing diabetes if they are adopt healthy lifestyles. 2) Genetic plasticity means it is the combination of genes and the environment that determines phenotypes i.e. the disease expression
3) In genetic counselling for a specific condition, the counsellor needs to do the following: a) When is genetic counselling sort - Usually for couples who are planning pregnancy i.e. whether to allow the pregnancy to occur or in a couple where she is pregnant and they want to know whether to allow the pregnancy to continue