The Mole Concept

Unit VII
Dr. Passer
Chemistry Department
Bronx Community College
Version Version 1.1 1.1
John Wiley and Sons, Inc

Unit Outline
5.11 Atomic Mass
7.1 The Mole

7.2 The Molar Mass of Compounds

Atomic Mass

The mass of a single atom is too small to measure on a balance.

Using a mass spectrometer, the mass of one hydrogen atom was determined to be 1.673 x 10-24 g.

This number is very small.

small small small small small

small small small

small small

small small

small small

small

small

small

small
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Numbers of this size are too small for of To overcome this problem a system practical use. relative atomic masses using atomic mass units was devised to express the masses of elements using simple numbers.

The standard to which the masses of all other atoms are compared to was chosen to be the most abundant isotope of carbon.

12 6

A mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units (amu) was assigned to

12 6

C
9

1 1 amu is defined as exactly equal to 12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom

1 amu = 1.6606 x 10-24 g

12 6

C
10

Average atomic mass 1.00797 amu.

H
11

Average atomic mass 39.098 amu.

K
12

Average atomic mass 238.029 amu.

U
13

Average Relative Atomic Mass

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 Most elements occur as mixtures of isotopes. Isotopes of the same element have different masses.

The listed atomic mass of an element is the average relative mass of the isotopes of that element compared to the mass of carbon-12 (exactly 12.0000amu).
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To calculate the atomic mass multiply the atomic mass of each isotope by its percent abundance and add the results.
Isotope
63 29 65 29

Isotopic mass (amu) 62.9298 64.9278

Abundance (%) 69.09 30.91

Average atomic mass (amu) 63.55

Cu Cu

(62.9298 amu) 0.6909 = 43.48 amu (64.9278 amu) 0.3091 = 20.07 amu 63.55 amu
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The Mole

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The mass of a single atom is too small to measure on a balance.

mass of hydrogen atom = 1.673 x 10-24 g

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This is an

infinitesimal 1.673 x 10-24 g mass

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 Chemists require a unit for counting which can express large numbers of atoms using simple numbers.

Chemists have chosen a unit for counting atoms. That unit is the

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1 mole = 6.022 x

23 10 objects

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6.022 x

23 10

is a very

LARGE
number
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6.022 x
is

23 10

Avogadros Number
number
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If 10,000 people started to count Avogardros number and counted at the rate of 100 numbers per minute each minute of the day, it would take over 1 trillion years to count the total number.

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1 mole of any element contains 6.022 x 1023 particles of that element.

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The atomic mass in grams of any element23 contains 1 mole of atoms

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This is the same number of particles 6.022 x 1023 as there are in exactly 12 grams of

12 6

C
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Examples

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Species

Quantity

1 mole

Number of H atoms

6.022 x

23 10
29

Species

H2
1 mole

Quantity

Number of H2 molecules

6.022 x

23 10
30

Species

Na

Quantity

1 mole

Number of Na atoms

6.022 x

23 10
31

Species

Fe

Quantity

1 mole

Number of Fe atoms

6.022 x

23 10
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Species C6H6 Quantity 1 mole

Number of 23 6.022 x 10 C6H6 molecules

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1 mol of atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms 1 mol of molecules = 6.022 x 1023 molecules

1 mol of ions = 6.022 x 1023 ions

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 The molar mass of an element is its atomic mass in grams.

It contains 6.022 x 1023 atoms (Avogadros number) of the element.

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Element H

Atomic mass 1.008 amu

Molar mass 1.008 g

Number of atoms 6.022 x 1023

Mg
Na

24.31 amu
22.99 amu

24.31 g
22.99 g

6.022 x 1023
6.022 x 1023

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The Mole and Mass

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The molar mass is the mass of Avogadros number of atoms, ions or molecules. 23 6.022 x 10
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The mass of one mole of a substance is equal to the molar mass in grams of the substance.
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Examples of the Molar Mass of an Element

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element

atomic mass

1.01

molar mass

1.01 g
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element

Cu

atomic mass

63.546

molar mass

63.546 g
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element

atomic mass

39.0983

molar mass

39.0983 g
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Examples of the Molar Mass of a Molecular Compound

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molecule

H2 O
18.02

molecular mass

molar mass

18.02 g
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molecule

SO2
64.05

molecular mass

molar mass

64.05 g
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molecule

N2 O5
108.01

molecular mass

molar mass

108.01 g
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Examples of the Molar Mass of an Ionic Compound

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formula unit

NaCl

formula weight

58.44

molar mass

58.44 g

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formula unit

BaF2

formula weight

175.33

molar mass

175.33 g

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formula unit

Mg3(PO4)2

formula weight

167.88

molar mass

167.88 g

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Problems

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How many moles of iron does 25.0 g of iron represent?

Atomic mass iron = 55.85

Conversion sequence: grams Fe moles Fe Set up the calculation using a conversion factor between moles and grams.
1 mol Fe (grams Fe) 55.85 g Fe

1 mol Fe (25.0 g Fe) 0.448 mol Fe 55.85 g Fe

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How many iron atoms are contained in 25.0 grams of iron?

Atomic mass iron = 55.85

Conversion sequence: grams Fe atoms Fe Set up the calculation using a conversion factor between atoms and grams.
6.022 x 1023 atoms Fe (grams Fe) 55.85 g Fe 6.022 x 1023 atoms Fe 23 (25.0 g Fe) 2.70 x 10 atoms Fe 55.85 g Fe
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What is the mass of 3.01 x 1023 atoms of sodium (Na)?

Molar mass Na = 22.99 g

Conversion sequence: atoms Na grams Na Set up the calculation using a conversion factor between grams and atoms.
22.99 g Na (Na atoms) 23 6.022 x 10 Na atoms

22.99 g Na (3.01 x 10 Na atoms) 11.5 g Na 23 6.022 x 10 Na atoms 55

23

What is the mass of 0.365 moles of tin?

Atomic mass tin = 118.7

Conversion sequence: moles Sn grams Sn Set up the calculation using a conversion factor between grams and atoms.
1 molar mass Sn (moles Sn) 1 mole Sn

118.7 g Sn (0.365 moles Sn) 43.3 g Sn 1 mole Sn

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How many oxygen atoms are present in 2.00 mol of oxygen molecules? Two conversion factors are needed:
6.022 x 10 molecules O2 1 mol O 2
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2 atoms O 1 molecule O 2

Conversion sequence: moles O2 molecules O2 atoms O

6.022 x 1023 molecules O2 2 atoms O (2.00 mol O2 ) 1 molecule O 1 mol O 2 2 = 2.41 x1024 atoms O
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Molar Mass of Compounds

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The molar mass of a compound can be determined by adding the molar masses of all of the atoms in its formula.

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Calculate the molar mass of C2H6O.

2 C = 2(12.01 g) = 24.02 g 6 H = 6(1.01 g) = 6.06 g 1 O = 1(16.00 g) = 16.00 g 46.08 g

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Calculate the molar mass of LiClO4.

1 Li = 1(6.94 g) = 6.94 g 1 Cl = 1(35.45 g) = 35.45 g 4 O = 4(16.00 g) = 64.00 g 106.39 g

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Calculate the molar mass of (NH4)3PO4 .

3 N = 3(14.01 g) = 42.03 g 12 H = 12(1.01 g) = 12.12 g 1 P = 1(30.97 g) = 30.97 g 4 O = 4(16.00 g) = 64.00 g 149.12 g

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Avogadros Number of Particles

6.022 x 1023 Particles

1 MOLE

Molar Mass

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Avogadros Number of Ca atoms

6.022 x 1023 Ca atoms

1 MOLE Ca

40.078 g Ca

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Avogadros 6.022 x 1023 Number of H2O molecules H2O molecules

1 MOLE H2O

18.02 g H2O

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In dealing with diatomic elements (H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2), distinguish between one mole of atoms and one mole of molecules.

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Calculate the molar mass of 1 mole of H atoms.

1 H = 1(1.01 g) = 1.01 g

Calculate the molar mass of 1 mole of H2 molecules.

2 H = 2(1.01 g) = 2.02 g

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Mole Conversions
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To convert from grams of a substance to moles of a substance use the molar mass of the substance.

molar mass

grams

moles
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To convert from moles of a substance into atoms (or molecules) of the substance (and vice versa) we have to use Avogadros number.

Avogadros Number

moles

molecules
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To convert from moles of a substance into molecules of the substance we use the molar mass and Avogadros number.

Molar mass

Avogadros Number

grams

moles

molecules
(or atoms)

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Definition

The molar mass of any substance is the number of grams contained in one mole of that substance.

grams substance molar mass 1 mole substance

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Problems

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How many moles of benzene, C6H6, are present in 390.0 grams of benzene? The molar mass of C6H6 is 78.12 g. Conversion sequence: grams C6H6 moles C6H6
1 mole C6 H 6 Use the conversion factor: 78.12 grams C6 H 6
1 mole C6 H 6 = 5.000 moles C6 H 6 (390.0 g C6 H 6 ) 78.12 g C6 H 6
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How many grams of (NH4)3PO4 are contained in 2.52 moles of (NH4)3PO4? The molar mass of (NH4)3PO4 is 149.12 g.

Conversion sequence: moles (NH4)3PO4 grams (NH4)3PO4

149.12 grams (NH 4 )3 PO 4 Use the conversion factor: 1 mole (NH 4 )3 PO 4
149.12 g (NH 4 )3 PO 4 (2.52 mol (NH 4 )3PO4 ) 1 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4

= 376g (NH 4 )3PO475

56.04 g of N2 contains how many N2 molecules? The molar mass of N2 is 28.02 g.

Conversion sequence: g N2 moles N2 molecules N2

Use the conversion factor Use the conversion factor

1 mol N 2 28.02 g N 2

6.022 x 1023 molecules N 2 1 mol N 2

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1 mol N 2 6.022 x 10 molecules N 2 (56.04 g N 2 ) 1 mol N 2 28.02 g N 2

76 N = 1.204 x 1024 molecules 2

56.04 g of N2 contains how many nitrogen atoms? The molar mass of N2 is 28.02 g.
Conversion sequence: g N2 moles N2 molecules N2 atoms N

Use the conversion Use the factor conversion Use the factor conversion factor 1 mol6.022 N 2 x 1023 molecules2N atoms N 2 28.02 g N 2 1 mol N 2 1 molecule N 2
1 mol N 2 6.022 x 10 molecules N 2 (56.04 g N 2 ) 1 mol N 28.02 g N 2 2
23

2 atoms N 77 1 molecule N = 2.409 x 1024 atoms N 2

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