Building Services 1

Class 1 and 2

Introduction & Hydraulics in Plumbing

Reference:

Plumbing Practices
by-

Syed Azizul Haq, PEng

Introduction: The word plumbing derived from Latin word Plumbum means lead. Plumbing is a subject combination of arts and science.

Efficient laying out of pipes and using befitting fittings is the art of plumbing.
Selecting appropriate pipe, equipments, accessories and its installation and maintaining is the science.

Introduction (contd)

Definition:
Plumbing is the art and science of designing, installing and maintaining pipes, fixtures, equipments and its accessories for controlled flow of fluids (water, gas and water conveying waste) required in a building and its premises.

Basic objectives:
Supplying accepted quality and adequate quantity of water
Disposing of wastes sanitarily and quickly.

Achievement of Objectives
To meet the objectives, the Planning, design installation and maintenance of plumbing should reflect the following achievements. 1.Safety

2. Sanitation
3. Good environment 4. Convenience

5. Comfort
6. Economy 7. Durability

8. Legality

Achievement of Objectives (contd.)

1.Safety i. Provide safe drinking water. ii. Safe disposal of wastes. iii. Piping and appliances are safely installed. iv. Equipments are fitted with proper safety devices. v. Structural safety has not been impaired by plumbing installations. 2. Sanitation i. Non-polluting system. ii. Waste disposal in public sewer system or in specified disposal area. 3. Good environment i. Non-hazardous to the environment that may be created by improper waste disposal ii. Surroundings free from bad smell. 4. Convenience i. Providing appropriate type and good quality, proper sized, pipe, fixtures and fittings. ii. Installing optimum number of fixtures and fittings.

Achievement of Objectives (contd.)

5. Comfort i. Installing fixtures at appropriate position and comfortable heights considering users desire and disability. ii. Minimizing noise sound developed in the plumbing system. 6. Economy i. ii. Providing optimum sized piping, fittings and equipment. Installing fixtures, fittings and appurtenances of economy price.

7. Durability i. Providing long lasting pipes, fitting, fixtures and accessories. ii. Jointing the fixtures and pipe fittings properly. iii. Providing protective measures for all the elements in the plumbing system. iv. Testing the plumbing system to check for leakage and defective workmanship. v. Checking installation of the equipment for proper functioning before the system is put into operation. 8. Legality i. Designing the plumbing system in accordance with local code of practice or by laws.

Scope of plumbing works:

A. Water supply system for 1. Human consumption like drinking, Culinary purpose, washing and bathing. Three nature of water are supplied in buildings i. Cold water ii.. Hot water temperature varies from 40 C to 80 C iii. Chilled water. 2. Fire fighting by water jetting on fire. I. Dry riser system Ii. Wet riser system 3. Recreational purpose e.g. for swimming pools, fountains, water falls etc. B. Waste disposal from buildings. Conveying human excreta wastes by flushing water and flowing wastewater sanitarily through pipes to safe disposal point. C. Rainwater management Utilizing maximum rainwater for human consumption and other purposes and disposing of the rest D. Gas supply For using as fuel and live saving gas supply in hospitals, clinics etc.

Static water pressure

The pressure is a function of water height and density of water i.e. P = hD. where h = depth of water in ft and D = density of water For 1 ft of water column, pressure exerted is P = h D= [(1 ft) x (62.4) 1b /ft 3)] (1ft2 / 144 in2 ) = 0.433 h psi/ ft depth. So p = 0.4333 h psi

So one psi pressure is developed for column.

1/0.433 = 2.304 ft of water

h = 2.304 p ft of water column. Absolute pressure is the gauge pressure plus 14.7 psi because at mean sea level where the absolute atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi. But the gauge reads zero pressure there.

Flow in pipes under gravity:

Water flows in a pipe from a higher position to lower level due to the gravitation force. The velocity of flow is computed by Mannigs formula. V= 1/n R2/3 S 1/2 where V = Velocity of flow in ft/ see. For circular pipe R = D/4 , S = Slope of pipe ft / ft.
Table : Value of n for Flow in Channels
1. 2. (a) (b) (c) 3. (a) (b) (c) 4. 5. 6. Earthen rough channels Regular-shaped earth channel Tubular steel Fine well-packed stone R.C.C. pipes Bricks in smooth condition Smooth stone Stoneware pipes, Cast-iron pipes and Welded steel pipes Asbestos cement Plastic pipes 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.015 0.02 0.05

Flow in pipe under pressure:

Flow of water in a pipe under pressure is determined by formula expressed as V = 1.318 CR0.63 S0.54 C=Coefficient that depends on the material and age of pipe.
S- Slope of the hydraulic gradient .
Table for value of C.
SL. No. 1 2 Pipe Material Asbestos cement Cast iron a. Cement lined b. New, unlined c. 5- year-old, unlined d. 20-year-old, unlined 3 4 5 6 7 Concrete Copper Plastic New welded steel New riveted steel 130 to 150 130 120 100 130 130 to 140 140 to 150 120 110 C 140

Limitation of Velocity of flow

To avoid excessive noise in piping, fittings and valves and occurrence of cavitation it is recommended that maximum velocity in water supply piping shall be limited to no more than 2.4 m/s (8 ft / sec).

The velocity of flow shall be limited to 1.2 m/s (4 ft /sec) in branch piping from mains, headers and risers to water outlets where supply is controlled by quick-closing devices like flush valve, quick closing faucets or valves, self closing faucets or other similar type.
In drainage pipe the flow shall be at least 2 ft/sec. This is said to be self cleansing velocity. The maximum velocity is about 8 ft/sec.

Excessive Water Pressure a) b) c) d) Bursting of pipe. Failure of pipe joints and for supports. Fracture of valve and equipment. Excessive pressure will result in excessive velocity in the flow.

Excessive velocity Will create nuisance by a) Producing noise in pipe.

b)
c)

Producing vibration in pipe

Splashing of water from faucet.