LTE Training Document

Index
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction LTE Key feature LTE Network Elements(Architecture) LTE Network Interfaces LTE-Channel

LTE Introduction
3G LTE evolution Although there are major step changes between LTE and its 3G predecessors, it is nevertheless looked upon as an evolution of the UMTS / 3GPP 3G standards. Although it uses a different form of radio interface, using OFDMA / SC-FDMA instead of CDMA, there are many similarities with the earlier forms of 3G architecture and there is scope for much re-use. LTE can be seen for provide a further evolution of functionality, increased speeds and general improved performance.
WCDMA (UMTS) Max downlink speed bps Max uplink speed bps Latency round trip time approx 3GPP releases Approx years of initial roll out Access methodology 384 k 128 k 150 ms HSPA HSDPA / HSUPA 14 M 5.7 M 100 ms HSPA+ 28 M 11 M 50ms (max) LTE 100M 50 M ~10 ms

Rel 99/4 2003 / 4 CDMA

Rel 5 / 6 2005 / 6 HSDPA 2007 / 8 HSUPA CDMA

Rel 7 2008 / 9 CDMA

Rel 8 2009 / 10 OFDMA / SC-FDMA

In addition to this, LTE is an all IP based network, supporting both IPv4 and IPv6. There is also no basic provision for voice, although this can be carried as VoIP.

3GPP LTE technologies LTE has introduced a number of new technologies when compared to the previous cellular systems. They enable LTE to be able to operate more efficiently with respect to the use of spectrum, and also to provide the much higher data rates that are being required.

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex): OFDM technology has been incorporated into LTE because it enables high data bandwidths to be transmitted efficiently while still providing a high degree of resilience to reflections and interference. The access schemes differ between the uplink and downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access is used in the downlink; while SC-FDMA(Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access) is used in the uplink. SC-FDMA is used in view of the fact that its peak to average power ratio is small and the more constant power enables high RF power amplifier efficiency in the mobile handsets - an important factor for battery power equipment.

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output): One of the main problems that previous telecommunications systems has encountered is that of multiple signals arising from the many reflections that are encountered. By using MIMO, these additional signal paths can be used to advantage and are able to be used to increase the throughput.

When using MIMO, it is necessary to use multiple antennas to enable the different paths to be distinguished. Accordingly schemes using 2 x 2, 4 x 2, or 4 x 4 antenna matrices can be used. While it is relatively easy to add further antennas to a base station, the same is not true of mobile handsets, where the dimensions of the user equipment limit the number of antennas which should be place at least a half wavelength apart.

Architecture Evolution: With the very high data rate and low latency requirements for 3G LTE, it is necessary to evolve the system architecture to enable the improved performance to be achieved. One change is that a number of the functions previously handled by the core network have been transferred out to the periphery. Essentially this provides a much "flatter" form of network architecture. In this way latency times can be reduced and data can be routed more directly to its destination.

LTE specification overview It is worth summarizing the key parameters of the 3G LTE specification. In view of the fact that there are a number of differences between the operation of the uplink and downlink, these naturally differ in the performance they can offer.
PARAMETER Peak downlink speed 64QAM (Mbps) Peak uplink speeds (Mbps) Data type Channel bandwidths (MHz) DETAILS 100 (SISO), 172 (2x2 MIMO), 326 (4x4 MIMO)

50 (QPSK), 57 (16QAM), 86 (64QAM) All packet switched data (voice and data). No circuit switched. 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20

Duplex schemes
Mobility Latency Spectral efficiency

FDD and TDD

0 - 15 km/h (optimised), 15 - 120 km/h (high performance) Idle to active less than 100ms Small packets ~10 ms Downlink: 3 - 4 times Rel 6 HSDPA Uplink: 2 -3 x Rel 6 HSUPA

Access schemes
Modulation types supported

OFDMA (Downlink) SC-FDMA (Uplink)

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (Uplink and downlink)

LTE Key Features

Evolved NodeB (eNB)
No RNC is provided anymore The evolved Node Bs take over all radio management functionality. This will make radio management faster and hopefully the network architecture simpler

IP transport layer
EUTRAN exclusively uses IP as transport layer

UL/DL resource scheduling

In UMTS physical resources are either shared or dedicated Evolved Node B handles all physical resource via a scheduler and assigns them dynamically to users and channels This provides greater flexibility than the older system

LTE Network Architecture

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)
HSS

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

MME: Mobility Management Entity

S6a

LTE-UE

Evolved Node B (eNB)

X2 S1-MME

MME

S10

S11 S1-U S5/S8

cell LTE-Uu

Serving Gateway LTE Gateway

PDN Gateway

Evolved Node B (eNB)

LTE-UE LTE-Uu
cell

eNB Functions Inter-cell RRM: HO, load balancing between cells Radio Bearer Control: setup, modifications and release of Radio Resources Connection Mgt. Control: UE State Mgmt. MME-UE Connection

Evolved Node B (eNB)

It is the only network element defined as part

of EUTRAN. It replaces the old Node B / RNC combination from 3G. It terminates the complete radio interface including physical layer. It provides all radio management functions An eNB can handle several cells. To enable efficient inter-cell radio management for cells not attached to the same eNB, there is a inter-eNB interface X2 specified. It will allow to coordinate inter-eNB handovers without direct involvement of EPC during this process.

Radio Admission Control eNode B Measurements Collection and evaluation Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) IP Header Compression/ de-compression Access Layer Security: ciphering and integrity protection on the radio interface MME Selection at Attach of the UE User Data Routing to the LTE GW.

Transmission of Paging Message coming from MME

Transmission of Broadcast Info (System info, MBMS)

Mobility Management Entity (MME)

Evolved Node B (eNB)
S1-MME

MME
S6a S11

HSS

MME Functions Control plane NE in EPC Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) Signalling Idle State Mobility Handling Tracking Area updates Subscriber attach/detach Signaling coordination for LTE Bearer Setup/Release & HO Security (Authentication, Ciphering, Integrity protection) Trigger and distribution of Paging Messages to eNB Roaming Control (S6a interface to HSS)

S1-U

Serving Gateway

It is a pure signaling entity inside the EPC.

LTE uses tracking areas to track the position of idle UEs. The
basic principle is identical to location or routing areas from 2G/3G. MME handles attaches and detaches to the LTE system, as well as tracking area updates Therefore it possesses an interface towards the HSS (home subscriber server) which stores the subscription relevant information and the currently assigned MME in its permanent data base. A second functionality of the MME is the signaling coordination to setup transport bearers (LTE bearers) through the EPC for a UE. MMEs can be interconnected via the S10 interface It generates and allocates temporary ids for UEs

Inter-CN Node Signaling (S10 interface), allows efficient inter-MME tracking area updates and attaches

Serving Gateway
Evolved Node B (eNB)
S1-MME

MME
S6a S11

S1-U

S5/S8

Serving Gateway

PDN Gateway

Serving Gateway Functions

Local Mobility Anchor Point: Switching the User plane to a new eNB in case of Handover Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility. This is sometimes referred to as the 3GPP Anchor function Packet Buffering and notification to MME for UEs in Idle Mode Packet Routing/Forwarding between eNB, PDN GW and SGSN

The serving gateway is a network element that manages

the user data path ( bearers) within EPC. It therefore connects via the S1-U interface towards eNB and receives uplink packet data from here and transmits downlink packet data on it. Thus the serving gateway is some kind of distribution and packet data anchoring function within EPC. It relays the packet data within EPC via the S5/S8 interface to or from the PDN gateway. A serving gateway is controlled by one or more MMEs via S11 interface. At a given time, the UE is connected to the EPC via a single Serving-GW

Lawful Interception support

Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway

MME
S6a S11 S5/S8

PDN Gateway Functions PDN LTE Gateway

Mobility anchor for mobility between 3GPP access systems and non-3GPP access systems. This is sometimes referred to as the LTE Anchor function Policy Enforcement (PCEF)

Serving Gateway

The PDN gateway provides the connection between

EPC and a number of external data networks. Thus it is comparable to GGSN in 2G/3G networks. A major functionality provided by a PDN gateway is the QoS coordination between the external PDN and EPC. Therefore the PDN gateway can be connected via S7 to a PCRF (Policy and Charging Rule Function). If a UE is connected simultaneously to several PDNs this may involved connections to more than one PDN-GW

Per User based Packet Filtering (i.e. deep packet inspection) Charging Support Lawful Interception support IP Address Allocation for UE

Packet Routing/Forwarding between Serving GW and external Data Network

Packet screening (firewall functionality)

Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

HSS

MME
S6a

HSS Functions
Permanent and central subscriber database Stores mobility and service data for every subscriber Contains the Authentication Center (AuC) functionality.

The HSS is already introduced by UMTS release 5. With LTE/LTE the HSS will get additionally data per
subscriber for LTE mobility and service handling. Some changes in the database as well as in the HSS protocol (DIAMETER) will be necessary to enable HSS for LTE/LTE. The HSS can be accessed by the MME via S6a interface.

LTE UE Categories

All categories support 20 MHz 64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except Class 5) 2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1
Class 1
Peak rate DL/UL RF bandwidth Modulation DL
Modulation UL Rx diversity BTS tx diversity MIMO DL

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

Class 5

10/5 Mbps 20 MHz

64QAM 16QAM Yes 1-4 tx Optional

50/25 Mbps 100/50 Mbps 150/50 Mbps 300/75 Mbps 20 MHz

64QAM 16QAM Yes 1-4 tx 2x2

20 MHz
64QAM 16QAM Yes 1-4 tx 2x2

20 MHz
64QAM 16QAM Yes 1-4 tx 2x2

20 MHz
64QAM 64QAM Yes 1-4 tx 4x4

Qualcomm first chipset has 50 Mbps downlink and 25 Mbps uplink

LTE-Channel

DCCH UL-SCH PUSCH DTCH PUCCH

UL

CCCH

RACH

PRACH

MTCH MCH PMCH

MCCH
Transport channels Logical channels PDCCH PHY

Upper Layers

PCFICH

PHICH DL

DTCH

DCCH DL-SCH CCCH PDSCH

PCCH

PCH

BCCH

BCH

PBCH

Air interface

MAC

RLC

Physical channels: These are transmission channels that carry user data and control messages. Transport channels: The physical layer transport channels offer information transfer to Medium Access Control (MAC) and higher layers. Logical channels: Provide services for the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer within the LTE protocol structure.

Logical channels

BCCH Broadcast Control CH

System information sent to all UEs

Paging information when addressing UE Access information during call establishment User specific signaling and control User data

PCCH Paging Control CH CCCH Common Control CH

DCCH Dedicated Control CH

DTCH Dedicated Traffic CH MCCH Multicast Control CH

Signaling for multi-cast

Multicast data

MTCH Multicast Traffic CH

LTE Channels

Transport channels

BCH Broadcast CH
Transport for BCCH Transport for PCH Transport of user data and signaling. Used by many logical channels Used for multicast transmission Transport for user data and signaling Used for UEs accessing the network

PCH Paging CH DL-SCH Downlink Shared CH MCH Multicast channel

UL-SCH Uplink Shared CH RACH Random Access CH

LTE Channels

Physical Channel

PDSCH Physical DL Shared CH

Uni-cast transmission and paging Broadcast information necessary for accessing the network Data and signaling for multicast Carries mainly scheduling information Reports status of Hybrid ARQ Information required by UE so that PDSCH can be demodulated (format of PDSCH) Uplink user data and signaling Reports Hybrid ARQ acknowledgements Used for random access

PBCH Physical Broadcast CH

PMCH Physical Multicast Channel PDCCH Physical Downlink Control CH

PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator

PCIFIC Physical Control Format Indicator PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

LTE Channels

 Radio Resource Control (RRC) States

From a mobility perspective, the UE can be in one of three states.

LTE_DETACHED LTE_IDLE

LTE_ACTIVE

OFF

Power Up

LTE_DETACHED
Registration De-registration

LTE_ACTIVE
Inactivity New Traffic

Timeout of Tracking Area Update/PLMN Change

LTE_IDLE

UE States
Power On Release due to Inactivity Registration (Attach)

Allocate C-RNTI, S_TMSI Allocate IP addresses Authentication Establish security context LTE_DETACHED LTE_ACTIVE

Release RRC connection Release C-RNTI Configure DRX for paging

LTE_IDLE

Deregistration (Detach) Change PLMN

New Traffic

Release C-RNTI, S-TMSI Release IP addresses

Establish RRC Connection Allocate C-RNTI

Timeout of Periodic TA Update

Release S-TMSI Release IP addresses

LTE_DETACHED state is typically a transitory state in which the UE is powered-on but is in the process of searching and registering with the network.

LTE_ACTIVE state, the UE is registered with the network and has an RRC connection with the eNB. In LTE_ACTIVE state, the network knows the cell to which the UE belongs and can transmit/receive data from the UE.

LTE_IDLE state is a power-conservation state for the UE, where typically the UE is not transmitting or receiving packets. In LTE_IDLE state, no context about the UE is stored in the eNB. In this state, the location of the UE is only known at the MME and only at the granularity of a tracking area (TA) that consists of multiple eNBs. The MME knows the TA in which the UE last registered and paging is necessary to locate the UE to a cell.

Thanks