Chapter Overview

Network Communications The OSI Reference Model

Signals and Protocols

A data network is a group of computers connected by a network medium. The network medium carries signals between computers. Signals reduce complex information to the simplest possible form. Computers communicate by using a language called a protocol.
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Protocol Services

Packet acknowledgment Segmentation Flow control Error detection Error correction Data compression Data encryption

A Protocol Stack

Protocol Interaction

Local Area Networks

A local area network (LAN) is a collection of computers located in a relatively small area and connected by a common medium. The pattern in which computers in a LAN are connected is called the topology. LAN topologies include bus, star, and ring. The defining protocols for a LAN are the datalink layer protocols.
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Wide Area Networks

Packet Switching

Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex Communications

Backbone Network

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Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer Networking

On a client/server network, computers function as either clients or servers. On a peer-to-peer network, computers can function as both clients and servers. Microsoft Windows, UNIX, and Linux are peer-to-peer operating systems. Novell NetWare is a client/server operating system.
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The OSI Reference Model

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Data Encapsulation

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PDU Names at Different OSI Layers

OSI Layer Application Transport Network Data-link (Any layer) Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Name Message Segment or datagram Datagram Frame Packet
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The Physical Layer

Defines the hardware elements of the network, including

The network medium How the network is installed The type of signaling Cables Network interface adapters (also called network interface cards, or NICs) Hubs
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Includes the following elements:

The Data-Link Layer

Includes the following protocols:

Ethernet Token Ring Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

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The Data-Link Layer (Cont.)

Includes the following protocol components:

Frame format Media Access Control (MAC) mechanism Physical layer specifications Hardware addressing Error detection and correction Protocol identification

Performs the following functions:

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The Network Layer

Includes the following protocols:

Internet Protocol (IP) Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) AppleTalk Addressing Fragmenting Routing Protocol identification
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Performs the following functions:

The Transport Layer

Includes the following protocols:

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) IPX NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX) Packet acknowledgment Data segmentation Flow control Error detection

Performs the following functions:

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Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols

Connection-Oriented (CO) Protocols Require a handshake Connectionless (CL) Protocols Do not require a handshake

Have larger headers and more overhead

Provide packet acknowledgments, data segmentation, flow control, and error detection and correction Acknowledge transmitted packets, so they are considered reliable

Have smaller headers and less overhead

Do not provide additional services Do not acknowledge transmitted packets, so they are considered unreliable
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The Session Layer

The two most important functions at this layer are

Dialog control Dialog separation

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The Presentation Layer

The presentation layer uses the following translation process:

1. The sender translates its abstract syntax to

transfer syntax. 2. The sender transmits data to the receiver. 3. The receiver translates transfer syntax to it in abstract syntax.

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The Application Layer

Includes the following protocols:

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Post Office Protocol, Version 3 (POP3) Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
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Lesson 1 Summary: Network Communications

Computers communicate by using languages called protocols. Protocols provide services to other protocols operating above and below them. A LAN uses a common network medium to connect computers in a relatively small area. A WAN uses an external network provider to connect LANs. Broadband networks carry multiple signals at once, while baseband networks carry only one signal. A backbone network connects segments together, forming an internetwork. Most operating systems today use the peer-to-peer model, which allows computers to function as both clients and servers.
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Lesson 2 Summary: The OSI Reference Model

OSI Model Layer Function

Physical
Data-link Network Transport Session Presentation Application

Defines the hardware elements and structure of the network installation

Provides addressing, data encapsulation, and media access control Provides end-to-end routing and addressing Provides packet acknowledgment, flow control, and error detection Provides dialog control and dialog separation Translates syntaxes between different systems Provides an interface to applications running on the computer
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