Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle

Choesnan Effendi Physiology Dep. Airlangga University 2012

Episode Kedua

Cair Tubuh & Transport bahan melewati membran Body Fluids &

Transport of substances through the cell membrane

Cair Tubuh
Extracellular Intracellular

Interstitial Plasma darah Transcellular

Volume

% BB ( Berat Badan )
60

Indikator

Total body water (cair tubuh total) Cair Ekstrasellular Cair Intrasellular

Deutrium ( D2O / 2H2O ), Tritium ( 3H2O ), Antipyrine Inulin *C

14

20 40

, Thiosulfate

Total body water Cair Ekstrasellular

Plasma darah
Darah

5
78

Evans blue ( T- 1824 ) , Albumin

51Cr-labeled

125I-

red blood cells { Volume plasma darah : ( 100 % Hct )} Volume ekstrasellular Volume plasma

Cair Interstisial

15

Plasma darah
Whole
blood

Hematocrit

Volume Eritrosit Volume Darah

X100 %

= 36 45 %

= Hct

HCT = Hematocrit
= PCV ( Packed Red Cell Volume )

Adalah volume kumpulan erithrocytes yang dinyatakan

dengan % terhadap volume darah keseluruhan

Beberapa cara masuk / keluarnya bahan melewati membran sel

Interstitiel / Plasma darah
1. Osmosa 2. Diffusi sederhana

3. Diffusi fasilitasi
4. Transport aktif
Cytoplasma

5. Exocytosis / endocytosis

Pertukaran cairan didaerah kapiller

Ruang interstitiel

Sitoplasma / sitosol

Plasma darah

Fluid exchange : Arteriole capillary venule

Arteriole

Capillary
Venule

Filtrasi / pertukaran cairan daerah kapiller Dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor : Tekanan onkotik plasma Tekanan onkotik interstisial Tekanan hidrostatik plasma Tekanan hidrostatik interstisial
Tekanan hidrostatik plasma = tekanan darah

Tekanan kolloid osmotik = Tekanan onkotik Tekanan onkotik plasma darah Oleh karena adanya Protein plasma ( p )

Protein plasma
Albumin Globulin Fibrinogen

Gram %
4,5 2,5 0,3

P
mm Hg

21,8 6,0 0,2

Total

7,3

28,0

Dari ketiganya, jumlah terbanyak adalah ALBUMIN

Sebagai contoh : Interstisial

Pint : 1 mm Hg ( hidrostatik )
Ponkotik - int : 8 mm Hg

Ponkotik - art ( ven ) : 28 mm Hg Arteriole

Part : 37 mm Hg
NFP

Kapiller Pkap : 25 mm Hg

Venule

Pven : 17 mm Hg

( Net Filtration Pressure )

= Pkap Pint - p kap + p int

25 1 28 + 8 = + 4
+ ( positip ) : artinya cairan keluar dari kapiller, sisanya ini akan di absorbsi oleh limfe

NFP ( Net Filtration Pressure ) =

Pkap Pint - p kap + p int

25 1 28 + 8 = + 4
+ ( positip ) :
artinya cairan keluar dari kapiller, sisanya ini akan di absorbsi oleh limfe

Mengapa hypoproteinemia

udema Bagaimana mengenai tekanan oncotic protein plasma ???

Starving Children in Nigeria

Udem akan terjadi apabila

1.Bendungan vena : tumor, dekompensasi jantung kanan, bendungan aliran limfe 2.Cairan dari intersitial yang menuju plasma < dibanding yang masuk

Cairan dari intersitial yang menuju plasma << dibanding yang masuk

O.K.
Tekanan osmotik plasma yang rendah O.K. Kadar protein plasma yang rendah = HIPOPROTEINEMIA

HIPOPROTEINEMIA
O.K. 1.Under nutrition : kurang gizi /rendah protein.

2.Sintesa protein ( terutama Albumin ) terganggu : a.l pada penyakit hati : cirrhosis hepatis 3.Sekresi protein : yang seharusnya tidak terjadi , yaitu terjadi proteinuria ( pada nephrotic syndrome )

Tekanan osmotik plasma

Berperanan untuk reabsorbsi kembali cairan yang dari interstisial

Beberapa cara masuk / keluarnya bahan melewati membran sel

1.Osmosa
2.Diffusi sederhana 3.Diffusi fasilitasi

H2O yg bergerak dari larutan hipotonis kearah hipertonis Bahan yang terlarut bergerak dari tekanan tinggi ketekanan rendah Seperti No. 2, menggunakan mediator (carrier system) Bahan yang terlarut bergerak dari tekanan rendah ketekanan tinggi, menggunakan mediator, energi ( ATP )

4.Transport aktif

Contoh :

1.Osmosa 2.Diffusi sederhana 3.Diffusi fasilitasi 4.Transport aktif

H2O

CO2 , O2 , Ureum

glukosa, asam amino

Na, K, Ca

Mediator = carrier system

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion & osmosis: are passive transport, without ATP

Active transport, sodium potassium pump, calcium pump, exocytosis: are active, need ATP

Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is a process of passive transport, facilitated by integral proteins (mediator). Without energy (ATP)

Osmosis
Osmosis (movement of water across membranes) depends on the relative concentration of solute molecules on either side of the membrane
Water move from low concentration to high concentration

How do about erythrocytes if in:

- hypotonic solution - isotonic solution - hypertonic solution

Crenated / wrinkled ery in hypertonic medium

Normal Ery structure in isotonic medium

Swollen ery & rupture in hypotonic medium

Normal Ery structure in isotonic medium

Crenated / wrinkled ery in hypertonic medium

Swollen ery & rupture in hypotonic medium

Simple Diffusion
Diffusion; the flow substances or matter from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

Alveoli:

O2: Diffusion

from alveoli into blood stream capillary

CO2:

Diffusion from blood capillary into alveoli

PO alv : 104 mmHG

2

PcO alv : 40 mmHG

2

PO cap : 40 mmHg
2

PcO cap : 46 mmHg

2

at alveoli or at respiratory membrane

then enter to the erythrocyte, bound by hemoglobin HbO2

at tissue; tissue membrane and endothelium capillary

O2 diffusion into blood capillary,

CO2 diffusion into blood capillary, then

enter to the erythrocyte, bound with H2O

H2CO3 dissociation

Becomes: H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)

In blood stream:

erythrocyte into blood stream, to the capillary beds of respiratory membrane

at respiratory membrane

HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) flow out from

stream into erythrocyte, then bind with H+ , become H2CO3, H2CO3 dissociation, Become H2O + CO2

HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) flow in from blood

at respiratory membrane

CO2 flow out to blood (exit from erythrocyte) and then diffusion into alveoli lumen

In blood stream:

O2 bound by hemoglobin HbO2

to tissues and cells all the body

at tissue

O2 simple diffusion from HbO2 into cytosol, and then into mitochondria. Glucose move into cytosol by glucose transporter (facilitated diffusion)

Facilitated Diffusion
Like simple diffusion, but requires interaction of a carrier protein that bind the molecules or ions to aids passage through the membrane

Carrier protein = mediator or transporter

Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is a process of passive transport, facilitated by integral proteins (mediator).
Without energy (ATP)

Glut = Glucose transporter

Skeletal Muscle requires GLUT 4 ,

GLUT-4 stand-by in cytosol of muscle fiber, they ll move into the membrane if insulin receptors are stimulated by insulin
Glut = Glucose transporter is mediator/transporter of glucose enter into cytosol

Insulin

Insulin Receptor ( IR )

Glucose facilitated diffusion

GLUT- 4

IRS-1

PI3 kinase
translocation

vesicle contains GLUT- 4

Cell membrane

Glucose enter into cytosol of skeletal muscle fiber by;

Signal transduction by insulin

Insulin activate insulin rec form IRS1

IRS1 activates PI3-Kinase PI3-Kinase stimulate translocation vesicle, which contains GLUT-4

GLUT- 4 is mediator / transporter of glucose

In skeletal muscle fiber

There are 2 processes:

* Signal transduction by insulin ** Facilitated diffusion by GLUT- 4

Active Transport
Active Transport is
the Pumping of Solutes Against their Gradients

Active Transport is the Pumping of Solutes Against their Gradients

1. Cell must expend ATP/ energy to pump a molecule across a membrane 2. Performed by embedded proteins 3. Na-K Pump (sodium-potassium)exchanges Na+ for K+ in animal cells when ATP changes protein conformation by transferring its terminal phosphate group to the transport protein

Active transport is the movement of a substance against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).
active transport: energy-requiring, carrier-mediated transport system in which molecules can be moved across cell membrane against electrochemical gradient

Electrolyte inside & outside the cell membrane

Resting

Na+
+

142 mEq/L

Cl- 120 mEq/L

+ +

K+ 4 mE/L

K+

140 mEq/L Na+ 14 mEq/L CL- 5 mEq/L

Axon

3 molecules Na+ carried out into extracellular, changed by 2 molecules K+ (carried into cytosol)

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is the cellular process in which intracellular vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the plasma membrane and release or "secrete" their contents into the extracellular space

Exocytosis is the process by which cells excrete waste products and other large molecules from the cytoplasm

Exocytosis is the cellular process in which intracellular vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the plasma membrane and release or "secrete" their contents into the extracellular space

Exocytosis is the process secretion substances into the extracellular space or into the blood stream.

Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis.

Endocytosis is like phagocytosis

Exocytosis

Exocytosis & Endocytosis Transport Large Molecules

1. Exocytosis- transport vesicles migrate to plasma membrane & fuse & release contents 2. Endocytosis- large molecules enter cells within vesicles pinched inward from the membrane --> Phagocytosis- cell engulfs particles cell eating --> Pinocytosis- cell engulfs droplets of extracellular fluid cell drinking

The other way of transport across membrane

Cotransport:
also known as coupled transport or secondary active transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes. - Symport

- Antiport

Several types transport across membrane

(facilitated diffusion)

Symport

Sodium glucose symport /

Na-Glucose co-transport

Antiport
An antiporter (also called exchanger or countertransporter) is an integral membrane protein involved in secondary active transport of two or more different molecules or ions (i.e., solutes) across a phospholipid membrane such as the plasma membrane in opposite directions. or called IONS EXCHANGE

Amino acid

Na+ Glucose

Na+

Ca++

For example, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, used by many cells to remove cytoplasmic calcium, exchanges one calcium ion for three sodium ions

the Na+ - Ca2+ exchanger

(transporter)

The other example

Na+ - H+ antiport

Contoh transduksi signal oleh insulin yang diikuti diffusi fasilitasi glukosa melalui GLUT - 4
GLUT 4 : Glucose transporter 4

PI-3 kinase :
( Phosphatidyl Inositol 3 kinase ) Menyebabkan translokasi vesikel yang berisi GLUT 4 menuju sel membran

Diffusi fasilitasi glukosa Insulin Insulin Receptor ( IR )

GLUT- 4

IRS-1

PI3 kinase

vesikel yang berisi GLUT- 4

Translokasi

Membran sel otot

Apa beda :
Diffusi fasilitasi dengan

Transport aktif

Acidosis

?
?

Alkalosis

pH darah terlalu asam

7,35 7,45 : disebut

ASIDOSIS

terlalu basa / alkali

ALKALOSIS

: disebut

Diare yang berlebihan ( gastroenteritis ) pada anak dapat menimbulkan dehidrasi yang disertai asidosis o.k.
Kehilangan cairan ( H2O ) + bikarbonat ( HCO3 )

Sodium glucose symporter /

Na-Glucose cotranspor

Resume
Cair Tubuh & Transport bahan melewati membran
1.Komposisi cair tubuh 2.Cara pengukuran

3.Pertukaran cairan didaerah kapiller

4.Mekanisme terjadinya udem

5.Pengertian osmosa, diffusi, diff fasilitasi, aktif transport

Modul / P. R. :

Seorang ibu sedang membaca buku ilmiah populer, ada artikel yang menyebutkan bahwa sel pada manusia dapat membelah diri, juga artikel tersebut tertulis bahwa chromosome pria dan wanita berbeda, selanjutnya artikel itu menyebutkan bahwa tempat produksi energi terjadi didalam sel. Si ibu tersebut kesulitan memahami isi buku tersebut, kemudian bertanya pada anaknya, yang kebetulan kuliah di Universitas Airlangga.

Pertanyaannya :
Bagaimana cara suatu sel dapat membelah diri ? Chromosome itu apa ? Dimana tempatnya, tersusun oleh apa, berapa jumlahnya, apakah berbeda antara pria dan wanita ? Apa yang dimaksud produksi energi didalam sel ?

Seorang anak wanita umur 12 tahun siswa SD Kelas 6 akan menghadapi Ujian Nasional, belajar mengenai Biologi. Si anak bertanya pada ibunya, orang yang sedang berjalan dan berlari apakah membutuhkan sumber energi, darimana sumber energi tersebut. Kalau dari makanan bagaimana makanan tersebut bisa memberi energi tubuh orang yang sedang berjalan dan berlari tersebut. Ibunya kesulitan untuk menjawab dan menjelaskan, kemudian bertanya pada kakak anak tersebut yang sedang Kuliah di UNAIR

Pertanyaannya :
Organ apa yang aktif sehingga seseorang dapat berjalan dan berlari. Bagaimana mekanismenya sehingga makanan dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi sehingga dapat sampai ke sel-sel organ tersebut. Apakah glukosa dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi ? Kalau bisa bagaimana caranya masuk kedalam sel ?

Sugar Crystals
This electron microscope image of raw cane sugar reveals the shape of sugar crystals.

Sugar = sucrose
Glucose fructose

To Be Continued

NEXT EPISODE

Overshoot

+30 mV

repolarization

- 0 mV
depolarization

- 55 mV

Firing level

- 70 mV

Action potential

Local anesthesia

Block konduksi potensial aksi / impuls

Block impuls dengan cara : - menghambat pembukaan saluran ion Natrium ( Na channel penting untuk konduksi potensial aksi )