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PLANT HORMONES
Biochemistry and
Metabolism
Plants Hormones :
Donor 14
C-IAA 14C-IAA
block
A B
B A A
Receiver
block B
A B
B
A
14C-IAA 14C-IAA
Normal Inverted
orientation sections
Physiologial Effects of Auxin
Auxin has a variety of effect s on plant growth and
morphogenesis such as :
promote the elongation growth of stem and coleoptile
(however, it inhibit root elongation)
promote cell division in stems (but inhibit in lateral buds)
Development of fruit
Effect of auxin depend of factor, including
(i) developmental stage of tissue or organ
(ii) concentration of auxin
(iii) type of auxin (natural @ synthetic)
(iv) involvement of other plant hormones
(v) use of intact versus excised tissue for experiment
1. Cell elongation/enlargement
β -amylase
protease
(active)
starch
α -amylase
glucose scutellum
coleoptile
GA plumule embryo
radical
4. Flowering
Flowering is induced by gibberellins
Eg. Pharbitis nil, Chenopodium rubrum will
flower immediately
Many perennial plants capable of flowering
after pass through a juvenile phase
Gibberellins overcome juvenile phase in many
conifers and stimulate precocious flowering
Gibberellins promote maleness in unisexual
flowers while auxin promote femaleness
5. Inhibition of gibberellins
biosynthesis
Growth of stem can be inhibited or reduced by synthetic
chemical that block gibberellin biosynthesis i.e growth
retardant or anti gibberellins (AMO-1618, cycocel,
Phosphan-D, ancymidol)
These compound has commercial application in production
of ornamental plants
Effects:
⇨ To reduce stem elongation
⇨ Results in shorter and compact plants with darker
green foliage
Spraying the plant (Wheat) with antigibberellin produce a
shorter, stiffer stem and preventing lodging
CYTOKININS
Cytokinin- adenine derivatives
Kinetin- first compound found with cytokinin
activity
Synthetic cytokinin prepared by heating DNA
Zeatin- first natural cytokinin discovered and
most widespread
Isopentenyl adenine (iP)
Dihydrozeatin (diHZ) : leass active than
zeatin
Benzyl adenine (BAP)
1.Cytokinins regulate cell division
Cytokinin is major factor in regulating cell
division in the presence of auxin
Have capacity to initiate division in plant cells
and in quiescent or non dividing cells (tissue
culture)
Initiate cell division by controlling cell cycle
at two points
1. Catalyze transition from G2 phase to
mitosis
2. Control G1 to S phase transition
2. Stimulate cell proliferation
In the case of neoplastic (tumorous growth)
Bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens pathogens
that causes tumorous growth on stems known:
crown gall
Crown gall tissue can be excised and maintained
on simple medium without hormone
Have capacity to synthesis auxin and cytokinin
When bacteria invade host tissue, it transfer these
genes
Genes replicated in host cell
Produced elevated level of auxin and cytokinin
Stimulate neoplastic growth
Crown gall
2. Organogenesis
Cytokinin and auxin stimulate organogenesis:
organ formation
Development of shoot and root
Cell culture growth required cytokinin and
auxin
High Cytokinin/auxin ration stimulate root
formation
Low cytokinin/auxin ration stimulate shoot
formation
3. Senescence
Mature leaves and fruits express senescence
Senescence: breakdown of protein, nucleic acids,
other macromolecules, loss of chlorophyll,
accumulation of amino acids
Cytokinins will delay senescence while ethylene
promote senescence
Cytokinins direct nutrient mobilization and retention
by stimulating metabolism in the area of application
Creates a new sink: area that attract metabolites
from region of application
senescence
Experiment : role of cytokinins in
nutrient mobilization
Control Treatment with cytokinins
kinetin kinetin
radioactive
C
A B
Radioactive
Radioactive spreads Radioactive retain near poin
into vascular tissue accumulates in the of application
for export through area treated with
petiole kinetin
-Radioactive labeled nutrient are fed to the
plant
-In control (A) radioactive spreads into vascular
tissue for export through petiole
-In treatment (B) one part/half of leaf is treated
with cytokinin
-Radioactive accumulates in the area treated
with kinetin
-In other treatment (C) cytokinin applied on
part of leaf (right)
-Radioactive retain near point of application
2. Bud/seed dormancy
Woody plants in temperate zone
ABA concentration maximum in early winter and
low end of winter
ABA prevents bud development and seed
germination
ABA actions antagonistic with other hormone:
Inhibits amilase which produced by seed treated
with giberellins
Promote chlorosis which have been inhibited by
cytokinins
Inhibits cell wall elasticity and cell enlargement
by IAA
ETHYLENE
Simple hydrocarbon gaseous : H2C=CH2
Not required for normal vegetative growth
Synthesized primarily in response to stress
Produced in large amounts by tissues
undergoing senescence or ripening
Occurs in all plant organs
Physiological effects of ethylene
Vegetative development
Stimulate elongation of stems, petioles, roots
and floral structure of aquatic and semiaquatic
plants
Ethylene promotes gibberellin synthesis in rice
to promote root and shoot elongation
While in peas, root and shoot elongation
inhibited by ethylene
Stimulate abnormal growth response such as
swelling of stem tissues and downward
curvature of leaves (epinasty)
Fruit Ripening
Stimulate fruit ripening: banana, apple avocado
etc..
Ethylene is autocatalytic
release of ethylene gas by ripening fruits
will in turn stimulate premature climacteric
and ethylene production by other fruits stored
near
Number of qualitative metabolic changes are
initiated in fruit
Changes in fruit ripening:
During ripening promote production of sugars,
which increase sweetness (breakdown of starch
and acid) and odor
Induced rupture of cell membranes and water loss
from tissues: increase cell wall softening by the
action of enzymes
Involved breakdown of chlorophyll and synthesis
of pigments
Synthesis of flavor
Ethylene has important
commercial uses
Storage facilities developed to inhibit ethylene
production and promote preservation of fruits have a
controlled atmosphere of low O2 concentration and
low temperature that inhibits biosynthesis
Steroid hormones
Chemical structure similar to animal steroid
hormones
Brassinolides most biologically actve
Functions: brassinosteroids promote stem
elongation in mutant plants, shoot elongation
and ethylene production
Inhibits root growth and development