Gas Plant Refrigeration: Mollier P-H Charts

Gas Plant Refrigeration
Mollier P- H Charts
Nev Hircock Process Consulting Ltd.
Gas Chiller
Gas In

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Gas Out
Glycol Injection
Mollier PH Charts
Propane In
2
Deoiler
Compressor Scrubber

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Note temperature differential
Mollier PH Charts
Compressor
Oil separator Inlet Discharge

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Mollier PH Charts
Compressor Panel

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Suction, Discharge and Oil pressures
Status on two Parallel machines
Mollier PH Charts
Condenser

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Mollier PH Charts
Two x 7 diameter fans
Manual top louvres
Gas/Gas Exchanger
Inlet Outlet

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Mollier PH Charts
Cold insulation
Glycol injection
Simple Refrigeration Circuit

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Condenser
Compressor
Gas In
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V.
Gas Out
Liquid Out
The Mollier or P H Chart

100 Dense Phase

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1000
20 -20 -40
60
Pressure - psia
Critical Point
500
Mollier PH Charts
Liquid Gas
100
50
Two Phase
10 -1000
9
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
The Mollier Chart Density Lines

0.03 20 -20 -40 60 100 0.1 0.2

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1000
Pressure - psia
500 1.0 100
Mollier PH Charts
Liquid
50
Gas
3.0 6.0
Two Phase
10 -1000
10
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
The Mollier Chart Entropy Lines

0.03 20 -20 -40 60 100 0.1 0.2

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1000
Pressure - psia
500 1.0 100 3.0 6.0 10 -1000 -900 -800 -700 -600 -500
Mollier PH Charts
50
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
11
The Mollier Chart Processes Heat Loss at Constant Pressure

60 120 100

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1000
20 -20 -40
Pressure - psia
500 200 100
Condenser
Mollier PH Charts
Gas
Liquid
50 20 10 -1000
12
Two Phase
Diff.= 160
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
Propane Condenser

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Condenser
Compressor
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V.
13
The Mollier Chart Processes Heat Gain at Constant Pressure

60 120 100

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1000
20 -20 -40
Pressure - psia
500 200 100
Mollier PH Charts
Liquid Gas
Chiller
50 20 10 -1000
14
Two Phase
Diff.= 130
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
Gas Chiller

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Condenser
Compressor
Gas In
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V.
Gas Out
Liquid Out
15
The Mollier Chart Heat Loss & Gain at Constant Volume

0.03 20 -20 -40 60 100 0.1 0.2

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1000
Pressure - psia
500 1.0 100
Mollier PH Charts
Liquid
50
Gas
3.0 6.0
Two Phase
10 -1000
16
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
Accumulator

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Condenser
Compressor
Gas In
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V.
Gas Out
Liquid Out
17
The Mollier Chart Processes Throttling or Flashing

60 120 100

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1000
20 -20 -40
Pressure - psia
500 200 100
Mollier PH Charts
Liquid Gas
50 20 10 -1000
18
Two Phase
-900 -800 -700 -600 -500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
Flash Valve

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Condenser
Compressor
Gas In
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V.
Gas Out
Liquid Out
19
Ideal Compression Process

0.03 180 200 100 0.1

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1000
20 -20 -40
60
Pressure - psia
0.2
500 1.0 100 3.0 6.0 10 -1000 -900 -800 -700

40
Mollier PH Charts
50
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
20
Real Compression Process

Effcy=40/60 = 67% 20 -20 -40 60 0.03 180 200 100 0.1

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1000
Pressure - psia
0.2
500 1.0 100 3.0 6.0 10 -1000 -900 -800 -700

60
Mollier PH Charts
50
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
21
Compressor

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Condenser
Compressor
Gas In
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V.
Gas Out
Liquid Out
22
Ideal Expansion Process

0.03 180 200 100 0.1

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1000
20 -20 -40
60
Pressure - psia
0.2
500 1.0 100 3.0 6.0 10 -1000 -900 -800 -700

40
Mollier PH Charts
50
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
23
Simple Refrigeration Circuit

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Condenser
Compressor
Gas In
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V.
Gas Out
Liquid Out
24
Simple Refrigeration Process

180 200 100

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1000
20 -20 -40
60
Pressure - psia
500 Cond 100 Fl 50 Ch 10 -1000 -900 -800 -700 -600 -500 Com
Mollier PH Charts
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
25
Mixing Process
180 200 100
2 lbs at A + 1 lb at B mix At C in ratio AC/CB = 1/2

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1000
20 -20 -40
60
Pressure - psia
500
Mollier PH Charts
100
50
A
10 -1000
26
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
Compound Refrigeration Circuit

Compressor

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3000 lb/hr Condenser
Stg. 2/Stg. 1
Gas In 1000 lb/hr

2000 lb/hr
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V. F.V.
Gas Out Econ.

27
Liquid Out
Compound Refrigeration Process

180 200 100

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1000
20 -20 -40
60
Pressure - psia
500 Cond 100 Fl 1 Com 2 50 Fl 2 Ch 10 -1000 -900 -800 -700 -600 -500 Com 1
Mollier PH Charts
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
28
Summary of Processes on Mollier
Review of Processes on Mollier Chart

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Heat loss or gain at constant pressure:
Move left or right. Mollier PH Charts
Compression: Move up at const entropy.
Flashing: Move down at constant enthalpy.
29
Refrigeration Circuit Design with P-H

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Condenser
Compressor
Gas In = 44.5 MM/d = 4868 lbm/hr @ 32F
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V. Gas Out 3894 lbm/hr @ -22F Liquid Out 974 lbm/hr
30
Step 1: Chiller Heat Load

Use GPSA Charts or Hysim to establish that Chiller Heat Load is: 6.5 mmbtu/hr

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Mollier PH Charts
31
Step 2: Chiller Temp and Pressure
Chiller Propane (shell side) temperature must be LESS than 22F target gas temperature. Use arbitrary 9F approach and establish Propane side temp at 31F. Using P-H chart, this fixes the C3 pressure at 20 psia.

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Mollier PH Charts
32
Refrigeration Circuit Design Chiller

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Condenser
Compressor
Gas In = 44.5 MM/d = 4868 lbm/hr @ 32F -31F & 20psia
Mollier PH Charts
Acc.
6.5 mmbtu/h Chiller F.V. Gas Out 3894 lbm/hr @ -22F Liquid Out 974 lbm/hr
33
Step 3: Condenser Temp and Pressure

Condenser Propane temperature must be GREATER than 95F ambient temperature. Use arbitrary 27F approach and establish Propane side temp at 122F.

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Using P-H chart, this fixes the C3

pressure at 240 psia.
Mollier PH Charts
34
Refrigeration Circuit Design Condenser

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245 psia Condenser Compressor
122F & 240psia
Gas In = 44.5 MM/d = 4868 lbm/hr @ 32F -31F & 20psia
Mollier PH Charts
Acc.
6.5 mmbtu/h Chiller F.V. Gas Out 3894 lbm/hr @ -22F Liquid Out 974 lbm/hr
35
Step 4: Compressor Pressures
Compressor must take suction from Chiller pressure of 20 psia less 1.5 DP = 18.5 psia. Compressor must discharge at condenser pressure plus 5 DP = 245 psia.

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Mollier PH Charts
36
The Mollier Chart System Design

100

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1000
20 -20 -40
60
Pressure - psia
500 245 100
Cond
Mollier PH Charts
50 18.5 10 -1000
37
Chill
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
The Mollier Chart Flash Valve

100

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1000
20 -20 -40
60
Pressure - psia
500 245 100
Cond
Mollier PH Charts
F.V 50 18.5 10 -1000

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Chill
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
The Mollier Chart Compressor

100

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1000
20 -20 -40
60
Pressure - psia
500 245 100
Cond
Mollier PH Charts
Comp
F.V 50 18.5 10
781
Chill
694
-1000
39
-900
-800
-700
640
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
Step 5: Compressor Energies
Compressor must take suction from 18.5 psia and energy 694 BTU/lb to 245 psia and energy 640 BTU/lb for an energy input of 54 BTU/lb.

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Mollier PH Charts
40
Step 6: Chiller Energies
Chiller energy increases from 781 BTU/lb to energy level 694 BTU/lb for an energy input of 87 BTU/lb. Therefore to release the necessary 6,500,000 BTU/hr, Propane flow through Chiller must = 6,500,000/87 = 75000 lb/hr. Note: BTU
___________

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Mollier PH Charts
LB x
___________
Hr
BTU
= LB/Hr
41
The Mollier Chart C3 Flow Rate

C3Rate = 6500000/87 = 75000 lb/hr

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1000
20 -20 -40
60
100
Pressure - psia
500 245 100
Cond
Mollier PH Charts
Comp
F.V 50 18.5 10
781
Chill
87 694
-1000
42
-900
-800
-700
54
640
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
Step 7: Compressor Power

Compressor energy input of 54 BTU/lb x C3 flow
rate of 75000 lb/hr gives total compressor power of:

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75000 x 54 = 4,050,000 BTU/hr. Using the equivalent that : 2545 BTU/hr = 1 HP. Compressor power = 4,050,000/2545 or: 1591 hp.
Mollier PH Charts
Using 80% Comp. Eff. = 1591/0.8

= 1990 hp. Required.
43
The Mollier Chart Real Compressor

C3Rate = 6500000/87 = 75000 lb/hr

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1000
20 -20 -40
60
100
Comp REAL Energy Rise = 54/0.8 = 68 Btu/lb. Comp REAL exit Energy = 626
Pressure - psia
500 245 100
Cond
Mollier PH Charts
Comp
F.V 50 18.5 10
781
Chill
87 694
-1000
44
-900
-800
-700
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
640 626 54 68
-600
-500
The Mollier Chart Real Condenser

C3Rate = 6500000/87 = 75000 lb/hr

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1000
20 -20 -40
60
100
Cond REAL Energy Drop = 781 - 626 = 155 Btu/lb.
Pressure - psia
500 245 100
Cond
Mollier PH Charts
Comp
F.V 50 18.5 10
781
Chill
87 694
-1000
45
-900
-800
-700
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
640 626 54 68
-600
-500
Power Reducing Modifications
Subcoolers and Economisers.

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Both increase the energy available at the

Chiller.
They can reduce power required by 15 to 25% dependent on Chiller temperature level. These systems are more effective in summer than winter.
Mollier PH Charts
46
Refrigeration Circuit + Internal Subcooler

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Condenser
Compressor
Gas In
Mollier PH Charts
30F -20F Acc. F.V. 120F Chiller
Gas Out
Liquid Out
47
70F
Refrigeration Process + Internal Subcool

60 180 200 100

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1000
20 -20 -40
Pressure - psia
500 Cond 100 Fl 50 Ch 10 -1000 -900 Extra energy -800 -700 -600 -500 Com
Mollier PH Charts
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
48
Refrigeration Circuit + External Subcooler

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Gas In Condenser Compressor
Mollier PH Charts
Chiller Acc.
70F 120F 40F To DeC2
49
F.V.
To G/G Ex.
LTS
-10F
Refrigeration Process + External Subcool

60 180 200 100

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1000
20 -20 -40
Pressure - psia
500 Cond 100 Fl 50 Ch 10 -1000 -900 Extra energy -800 -700 -600 -500 Com
Mollier PH Charts
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
50
Economiser and 2 Stage Refrigeration

Compressor

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3000 lb/hr Condenser
Stg. 2/Stg. 1
Gas In 1000 lb/hr

2000 lb/hr
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V. F.V.
Gas Out Econ.

51
Liquid Out
Compound Refrigeration Process

180 200 100

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1000
20 -20 -40
60
Pressure - psia
500 Cond 100 Fl 1 Com 2 50 Fl 2 Ch 10 -1000 -900 -800 -700 -600 -500 Com 1
Mollier PH Charts
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
52
Troubleshooting: 1 Fouled Condenser

100F C3 Liq. Condenser 120F C3 Liq. 90F Air A clean Condenser may work to a 10F approach to ambient, i.e a C3 liquid exit temperature of 100F when ambient is 90F. However fouling may cause the required approach to increase to 30F above ambient. The Condenser now produces C3 liquid at 120F to compensate for the fouling. The C3 pressure will increase. 170F C3 Vapour

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Mollier PH Charts
53
Troubleshooting: 1 Fouled Trouble-shooting: Fouled Condenser Condenser

60 180 200 100

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1000
20 -20 -40
Pressure - psia
500
Fouled C. OK Cond Fl Com Ch
Mollier PH Charts
100
50
10 -1000
54
-900
Reduced Chiller Energy -800 -700
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
Troubleshooting: 2 Air Starved Condenser

120F Air 100F C3 Liq. Condenser 120F C3 Liq. 90F Air A clean Condenser may work to a 10F approach to ambient, i.e a C3 liquid exit temperature of 100F when ambient is 90F. However air starvation may cause the required approach to increase to 30F above ambient. The Condenser now produces C3 liquid at 120F to compensate for the air shortage. The C3 pressure will increase. The way to distinguish between a fouled versus an air-starved condenser, is to measure the air temperature RISE across the condenser. It will be HIGH in the case of air starvation.
55

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110F Air 170F C3 Vapour
Mollier PH Charts
Trouble-shooting: 2 - Starved Condenser

60 180 200 100

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1000
20 -20 -40
Pressure - psia
500
Starved C. OK Cond Fl Com Ch
Mollier PH Charts
100
50
10 -1000
56
-900
Reduced Chiller Energy -800 -700
-600
-500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
Troubleshooting: 3 Compressor Capacity Loss

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Condenser
Compressor
The compressor suction pressure governs the chiller shell side pressure and temperature.
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V.
57
Troubleshooting: 3 Compressor Capacity Loss

60 100 200

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1000
20 -20
500
Mollier PH Charts
100
50
Ps
10
When the compressor loses capacity, the suction pressure, Ps, rises. As a result the chiller pressure and temperature also rise.
58
Troubleshooting: 4 Compressor Valve Leakage

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Condenser
Compressor
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V.
59
Troubleshooting: 4 Compressor Valve Leakage

60 100 200

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1000
20 -20
500
B1
Mollier PH Charts
100
50
A
A1
10
When a compressor valve leaks, point B moves to the right; the compressor discharge gets hotter and this overloads the condenser thermally.
60
Troubleshooting: 5 Chiller Fouling

Under design conditions, LMTD = 18.2 deg. Under fouled conditions, LMTD = 21.6 deg.

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Condenser
Compressor
30 0
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V.

0 10 15
61
Troubleshooting: 6 Refrigerant Impurities

The first indication of refrigerant impurities may be a temperature rise across the Chiller although this can also also indicate low Chiller level.

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Condenser
Compressor
Mollier PH Charts
5
Acc. Chiller F.V.

0
62
Troubleshooting: 6 Refrigerant Impurities

60 100 200

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1000
20 -20
500
Mollier PH Charts
100
50
A
10
Points A and B will be on the vapour/liquid curve if the refrigerant is pure.
63
Troubleshooting: 7 Gas/Gas Exchanger Faults

This typical dewpoint plant comprises a Gas exchanger of 5 mmbtu/hr which is 2.5x larger than the chiller. Therefore every 10% thermal deficiency in the gas exchanger needs a 25% excess performance by the Chiller.

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120
Condenser
100
Compressor
Gas/Gas 300 hp 5 mmbtu/hr 30 2 mmbtu/hr
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V.

0 64 0 LTS
Simple DewPoint Plant: Design

Design:
Legend: Temperatures: Pressures: 225 XX

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Dewpt = 0F
XX 120 105 10
Condenser
160 90
Compressor
Gas/Gas
-10
Mollier PH Charts
120
220
Air
25
Acc. Chiller F.V.

-10 0
LTS
0
65
Simple DewPoint Plant; Fault 1

Design:

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Dewpt = +10F
XX 120 105 10
Condenser
175 90
Compressor
Gas/Gas
-10
Mollier PH Charts
125
230
Air
35
Acc. Chiller F.V.

Compressor Valve Leak
-10
10
LTS
10
66
Simple DewPoint Plant: Fault 2

Design:

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Dewpt = +10F
XX 120 105 10
Condenser
160 90
Compressor
Gas/Gas
-10
Mollier PH Charts
125
230
Air
35
Acc. Chiller F.V.

Condenser fouled.
-10
10
LTS
10
67

Design:

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Dewpt = +10F
XX 120 95 10
Condenser
160 90
Compressor
Gas/Gas
-10
Mollier PH Charts
120
220
Air
35
Acc. Chiller F.V.

Gas exchanger fouled.
-10
10
LTS
10
68

Design:

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Dewpt = +10F
XX 120 105 10
Condenser
160 90
Compressor
Gas/Gas
-10
Mollier PH Charts
120
220
Air
25
Acc. Chiller F.V.

LTS carryover.
-10
LTS
0
69

Design:

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Dewpt = +10F
XX 120 105 20
Condenser
160 90
Compressor
Gas/Gas
-2
Mollier PH Charts
120
220
Air
35
Acc. Chiller F.V.

Compressor capacity short.
-2
10
LTS
10
70

Design:

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Dewpt = +10F
XX 120 105 10
Condenser
160 90
Compressor
Gas/Gas
-10
Mollier PH Charts
120
220
Air
35
Acc. Chiller F.V.

Chiller fouled.
-10
10
LTS
10
71

Design:

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Dewpt = +10F
XX 120 105 20
Condenser
160 90
Compressor
Gas/Gas
-2
Mollier PH Charts
120
220
Air
35
Acc. Chiller F.V.

Chiller level Control low.
-10
10
LTS
10
72
Simple Refrigeration Process

Refrigeration System is a HEAT PUMP 180 200 100 60 20 -20 1000 -40

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Pressure - psia
500 Cond 100 Fl 50
Heat Sink
Com
Mollier PH Charts
Heat Source
10 -1000
73
Ch
-900 -800 -700 -600 -500
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
Simple Heat Engine Process

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1000
Pressure - psia
Heat Source 500 Boiler 100 Feed Pump 50 Condenser 10 -1000 -900 Heat Sink -800 -700 -600 -500 Heat Source
Heat Sink
Turbine
Mollier PH Charts
Enthalpy - BTU/lb
74
Gas Turbine Open Cycle Heat Engine

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Mollier PH Charts
75
PH Chart Exercise

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On the attached PH Chart plot the pressure and temperatures of : (a) the propane at the Compressor suction and (b) the propane at the Accumulator.
Mollier PH Charts
Use the gauge readings photographed on slide 78.

What does this tell you about the condition of the C3 vapour at the Compressor Suction and the C3 liquid in the Accumulator?
76
PH Chart Exercise - Answer

On the attached PH Chart plot the pressure and temperatures of : (a) the propane at the Compressor suction and (b) the propane at the Accumulator. Use the gauge readings photographed on slide 78.

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Mollier PH Charts
What does this tell you about the condition of the C3 vapour at the Compressor Suction and the C3 liquid in the Accumulator?
(a) C3 OK plots on DP line (b) C3 not OK plots above BP line contains volatile impurities
77
P & T Gauges at Comp Suction and Accumulator

Comp Suction Scrubber

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Accumulator
Mollier PH Charts
78
Section 9
Figure 1

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Unmeshing rotors at top induce gas from suction port
Mollier PH Charts
Closing rotors at bottom compress gas toward discharge port
79
Figure 2

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Mollier PH Charts
80
Figure 3
In a recip, when the piston has moved far enough, the suction valve opens.

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Mollier PH Charts
In a screw, as the opening rotors unmesh the gas enters from the suction port.
81
Figure 4
In a recip, when the piston has reached the end of its stroke, suction is complete.

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Mollier PH Charts
In a screw, when the unmeshing rotors have moved past the suction port, induction ends and compression starts.
82
Figure 5
In a recip, compression occurs from bottom dead centre until the discharge valve opens.

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Mollier PH Charts
In a screw, compression occurs after the lobes pass the suction port and before they expose discharge port.
83
Figure 6
In a recip, when the piston has moved far enough, the discharge valve opens.

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Mollier PH Charts
In a screw, when the closing rotors have moved to expose the discharge port, compression ends.
84
Figure 7
In a recip, when the piston has moved to top dead centre, compression ends There is always some dead space left.

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Mollier PH Charts
In a screw, when the meshing rotors have fully closed, discharge ends. There is NO dead space left.
85
Figures 8 & 9

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Mollier PH Charts
Compression ends and the discharge process begins when the meshing rotors pass the radial port (which may be variable). The axial port relieves and drains the last drop of oil and gas when the rotors fully close.
86
Figure 10

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Mollier PH Charts
87
Figure 11
For a given Vs, the position of the radial port determines the Vd, and therefore determines the ratio Vi.

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Mollier PH Charts
88
Table 1
Pi = Vik
Table I Vi Table Compression Ratio 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
89

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Ideal Vi Ratio 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.7 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.7 5.9
Mollier PH Charts
The above values were calculated using a k value of 1.3
Figure 12

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Mollier PH Charts
A slide valve may also move a recirculation slot which allows uncompressed gas to recirculate to suction. This delays the start of compression and reduces the Vs and therefore the machine capacity. Because the recirculation is UNCOMPRESSED, the power reduction is almost linear with speed unlike recirculation around a recip or centrif.
90
Figure 13

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Mollier PH Charts
91
Figure 14

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Mollier PH Charts
92
Toromont Screw Package

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Suction Scrubber
Mollier PH Charts
Oil Separator
Compressor
Engine Drive
93
Screw Compressor Efficiencies

A fixed volume ratio screw compressor efficiency will peak at its design volume ratio. Under-compression occurs when the required ratio is LESS than the internal VR. Over compression occurs when the required ratio is GREATER than the internal VR. In either case the machine efficiency drops off either side of ideal VR.

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Mollier PH Charts
94

Cooling/Condensing Options
Screw Refrigeration
Screw Compressor Lube Oil Cooling Option 1

240 psia

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Condenser
Compressor
500,000 Btu/hr.
Oil Cool
20 psia -30 F
Mollier PH Charts
Glycol Rad Acc. Chiller F.V.
96
Screw Compressor Lube Oil Cooling Option 2

240 psia

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Condenser
Compressor
500,000 Btu/hr.
Oil Rad
20 psia -30 F
Mollier PH Charts
Acc. Chiller F.V.
97
Air-to-Oil Cooler

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Winter Airflow
Summer Airflow
Mollier PH Charts
Louvre System
Lube System
98
Screw Compressor Lube Oil Cooling Option 3 (Refrigeration systems only)

240 psia

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Condenser
Compressor
500,000 Btu/hr. 20 psia
Direct Injection Pump
Mollier PH Charts
-30 F
Acc. Chiller F.V.
99
Screw Compressor Lube Oil Cooling Option 4 (Refrigeration systems only)

The Thermo-siphon Oil Cooler in refrigeration plants offers maybe the best combination of capital cost and efficiency.
Vapour C3

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Condenser
C3 From Compressor
Siphon Pot Hot Oil In
Mollier PH Charts
C3 Accumulator Cold Oil Out Liquid C3
To Chiller
100

Aerial; Cooling Tower and Evaporative Condenser Options
Propane Condensers
Forced Draft Cooler With Stacks

Anti recirc stacks, 15 ft. high

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Mollier PH Charts
Note fair ground clearance, but NO bugscreens.

102
Forced Draft Cooler With Inadequate Intake Areas

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Mollier PH Charts
103
Induced Draft Cooler No Stacks

High fan exit velocity means no exit stacks needed.

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Mollier PH Charts
Induced draft units have fans over and motors under the bundles. Note fair ground clearance, including bugscreens.
104
Water Spray Is Damaging

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Mollier PH Charts
Spraying untreated water directly onto conventional aerial coolers causes: 1 Fin thermal shock and delamination.
2 Corrosion.
3 Salt deposits.
105
Counter-flow Cooling Tower

Fan

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Distributor Fill
Mollier PH Charts
Louvers
Air
Water
Pump
106
Cross-flow Cooling Tower

Fan

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Distributor
Louvers
Fill
Fill Air
Mollier PH Charts
Water
Pump
107
Cross-flow Cooling Tower

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Mollier PH Charts
108
Cooling Tower Plant P&ID

Parallel Heat Loads for similar target temperatures

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CT
Mollier PH Charts
109
Fan Reversal De-Icing

Fan

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Distributor
Louvers
Fill
Fill Air
Mollier PH Charts
Water
Pump
110
Evaporative Condenser

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Air Out Process In Process out

Mollier PH Charts
Air In Water
111
Blower
Evaporative Condenser + Aerial Cooler In Series

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Aerial Cooler
Evaporative Condenser
Mollier PH Charts
High Temp
Medium Temp
Low Temp
112

Gas Plant Refrigeration: Mollier P-H Charts

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Gas Plant Refrigeration: Mollier P-H Charts

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Gas Plant Refrigeration

Nev Hircock Process Consulting Ltd.