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'' = =
1 2
x
T T
q k
L
'' =
(1.2)
Heat rate (W):
x x
q q A '' =
Application to one-dimensional, steady conduction across a
plane wall of constant thermal conductivity:
Conduction:
General (vector) form of Fouriers Law:
Heat flux
q k T
''
= V
Thermal conductivity Temperature gradient
2
W/m W/m K
C/m or K/m
Heat Transfer Rates
/
Heat Transfer Rates: Convection
Convection
Relation of convection to flow over a surface and development
of velocity and thermal boundary layers:
Newtons law of cooling:
( )
h
s
q T T
''
=
(1.3a)
2
Convection heat transfer coeffici h : (W/m ent K)
Heat Transfer Rates
Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation
Radiation Heat transfer at a gas/surface interface involves radiation
emission from the surface and may also involve the
absorption of radiation incident from the surroundings
(irradiation, ), as well as convection
( )
if .
s
T T
=
Energy outflow due to emission:
4
b s
E E T c co = =
(1.5)
( )
emissiv : Surface 0 ity 1 c c s s
blackbody : Emissive power of a (the perfect emit r) te
b
E
( )
2
Emissive powe : r W/m E
( )
-8 2 4
: Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.6710 W/m K o
Energy absorption due to irradiation:
abs
G G o =
2
: incident Absorbed radiatio (W ) n /m
abs
G
( )
absorpti : Surfa vity ce 0 1 o o s s
( )
2
Irradiation : W/m G
G
Heat Transfer Rates
Heat Transfer Rates Radiation (Cont.)
Irradiation: Special case of surface exposed to large
surroundings of uniform temperature,
sur
T
4
sur sur
G G T o = =
( ) ( )
4 4
If , the from the
surface due to exchange with the surroundings is
net radiation heat flux
:
rad b s s sur
q E T G T T
o c
c o co
=
'' = =
(1.7)
Heat Transfer Rates
Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation (Cont.)
Alternatively,
( )
( )
( )( )
2
2 2
Radiation heat transfer coefficient
h
h : W/m K
h
rad r s sur
r
r s sur s sur
q T T
T T T T co
''
=
= + +
(1.8)
(1.9)
For combined convection and radiation,
( ) ( )
conv rad s r s sur
q q q h T T h T T
=
=
=
(b) If heat transfer is by forced convection,
( ) ( )( )
2 -4 2
h =250W/m K 2.2510 m 60K =3.375W
3.375W+0.065W=3.44W
conv s
elec
q A T T
P
=
=
( ) ( )
4 4
h
s s sur
A T T A T T c o
= +
( )
2
2 -4 2
= 0.015m =2.2510 m A L =
Problem: Electronic Cooling
We know from Heat Transfer, that if a plane wall of thickness (x) and a
cross sectional area (A) is maintained at two different temperatures at both
ends of (x) with a temperature difference of (T), then the heat transfer
per unit time (q) will be proportional to the cross-sectional area (A) and the
corresponding negative temperature gradient (-dT/dx= T/x), i.e.:
q
x
T
2
T
1
T=T
1
-T
2
dT/dx
dT/dx= T/x
q
A
Heat flow can be modelled by analogy to an electrical circuit where heat
flow is represented by current, temperatures are represented by voltages,
heat sources are represented by constant current sources, thermal
resistances are represented by resistors and thermal capacitances by
capacitors.
Ohms Law:
V
1
V
2
I
R
V
I
R
A
=
Thermal resistance
Fouriers law:
From the above equation, we have,
where is called thermal resistance.
dT T
q kA kA
dx x
A
= =
A
T T
q
x
R
kA
A A
= =
A
x
R
kA
A
=
Equivalent Thermal Circuits
x
T
2
T
1
T=T
1
-T
2
dT/dx
-dT/dx= T/x
q
T
1
T
2
x
R
kA
A
=
q
A
The heat flow will be in the perpendicular-to-the-cross-section direction, i.e.
one-dimensional. The coefficient of proportionality is (k) and is called the
"coefficient of thermal conductivity" or simply "thermal conductivity."
Thermal conductivity, k, is the property of a material that indicates its
ability to conduct heat.
It may be easily determined if all the above quantities are known (measured),
i.e.:
k =(q / A)/(T/x)
All quantities in the above equation have coherent units (SI units in this experiment):
k [W/m/ K]; Q [W]; A [m2]; T [K or C], because this is temperatures difference, so
[K] or [C] will give the same result; and x [m].
APPARATUS
Heater
Thermocouples
Test Section
Cooling Water Intlet
Heater Control Knob
Power (On/Off)
Record the readings of temperatures
Knob (adjust to show the temperatures
at various locations)
(PID Function Controller)
(Rct is the thermal contact resistance)
'' q =
10.
10.