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Lec#11
Mobile Networks
Hosts and routers maintains a static topology with respect to each other Mobile network is moving with respect to the overall network Mobile router can connect to foreign agent as network roams
Multi-hop Wireless
May need to traverse multiple links to reach destination Mobility causes route changes
Connection point to the Internet may also change Incorporate routing functionality into mobile nodes -more than just mobile hosts
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High level of connectivity Links of varying strength Dynamic topology as nodes move
Routing is relatively simple -- there is just a single hop from the access point to the wireless node
Ad hoc networks:
Do not need backbone infrastructure support Are easy to deploy
Self-configure
Useful when infrastructure is absent, destroyed or impractical
User
Radio signals
Network cloud
Resource sharing Two-way communication Multi-hop communication 10 Physical wireless local connectivity
A MANET
No need for fixed infrastructure Each node equipped with one or more radios Radios can be heterogeneous Each node free to move about while communicating Paths between nodes can be multi-hop
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Easier to employ bandwidth reservation Bandwidth reservation requires complex medium access control protocols 16
Application domains include battlefields, emergency search and rescue operations, and collaborative computing
Self-organization and maintenance properties are built into the network Mobile hosts require more intelligence (should have a transceiver as well as routing/switching capability) Main aim of routing is to find paths with minimum overhead and also quick reconfiguration of broken paths Several issues are to be addressed for successful commercial deployment even 17 though widespread use exists in defense
Emergency Operations
Ad hoc wireless networks are useful in emergency operations such as search and rescue, and crowd control
A Wireless Mesh Network is a mesh network that is built upon wireless communications and allows for continuous connections and reconfiguration around blocked paths by "hopping" from node to node until a connection can be established
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It operates at 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz Data rates of 2 Mbps to 60 Mbps can be supported
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Properties of MANETs
Mobile nodes include hosts and routers
Routing and other core network functions are implemented in a fixed network in Mobile IP
May have gateways to fixed network, but mobile ad hoc network is a stub network
Carry only traffic to or from nodes in the MANET
Properties of MANETs
Operation is bandwidth constrained
Wireless links typically offer lower capacity than wired counterparts
Congestion is likely to be a normal situation
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Throughput
Needs to be maximized by minimizing the occurrence of collisions, channel utilization, and minimizing control overhead
Access delay
Refers to the average delay that any packet experiences to get transmitted Should be minimized
Fairness
Refers to provide an equal share to all competing nodes Can be either node based or flow based
Real-time traffic support is explicitly required for voice, video, and real-time data
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Use of directional antennas has advantages including increased spectrum reuse, reduced interference, and reduced power consumption
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Routing
Mobility frequent path breaks, packet collisions, transient loops, stale routing information, and difficulty is resource reservation Bandwidth constraint generally divided by the total number of nodes Error-prone and shared channel Wireless channel (10-5 to 10-3), wired channel (10-12 to 10-9) Consideration of the state of wireless link, signal-to-noise ratio, and path loss can improve the efficiency Location-dependent contention Load on the wireless channel varies with the number of nodes present in a given geographical region Makes the contention for the channel high, increases collision and waste the BW A routing protocols should be able to distribute the network load uniformly across the network so that the formation of regions where channel contentions is high can be avoided Other resource constraints such as computing power, battery power, buffer storage
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Routing
Minimum route acquisition delay the delay may vary with the size of network and the network load
Quick route reconfiguration require to handle path breaks and subsequent packet losses
Minimum control overhead control packets consumes BW and can cause collisions with data packets
Scalability perform efficiently with large number of nodes Provisioning of QoS BW, delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, throughput
Connectionless transport layer protocol (UDP), unaware of high contention, increases the load in the network Major performance degradation of TCP arises due to frequent path breaks, presence of stale routing information, high channel rate, and frequent network partitions
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QoS-aware routing uses QoS parameters to find a path throughput, packet delivery ratio, reliability, delay jitter, packet loss rate, bit error rate, path loss etc QoS framework is a complete system that aims at providing the promised services to each users
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Self-Organization
Ability to organize and maintain the network by itself
Neighbor discovery through beacon, or promiscuous snooping on the channel for detecting activities of neighbors Topology organization every node gathers information about the entire network or part of the network Topology reorganization Update topology information May be periodic or aperiodic exchange of topology update messages Must be quick and efficient in a way transparent to the user and application
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Nodes in the network should be able to locate services that other nodes provide Efficient service advertisement mechanisms are necessary Service discovery protocols are normally separate from the network routing protocols
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Energy Management
Process of managing the sources and consumers of energy in a node or in a network as a whole for enhancing the lifetime of the network
Transmission power management
Determined by state of operation (transmit, receive, sleep mode) Reachability requirement of the network Application layer power consumption varies with application Transport layer reducing the number of retransmissions, recognizing and handling the reasons behind the packet loss locally Network layer can consider battery life and relaying load of nodes while selecting a path so that the load can be balanced across the network, optimizing and reducing the size and frequency of control packets Data link layer by designing a data link protocol that reduces unnecessary transmissions, by preventing collisions, by switching to standby mode or sleep mode whenever possible RF hardware design should ensure minimum power consumption
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Energy Management
Battery energy management
Aimed at extending the battery life by taking advantage of its chemical properties, discharge pattern Pulsed discharge gives longer life then continuous discharge Operating temperature
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Scalability
Density of nodes Geographical region
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Deployment Considerations
Low cost of deployment Incremental deployment Short deployment time Reconfigurability Scenario of deployment Military deployment Emergency operations deployment Commercial wide-area deployment Home network deployment Required longevity of network Area of coverage Service availability Operational integration with other infrastructure Choice of protocols at different layers should be taken into consideration
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