LUBRICANTS

Made by :- Amogh Singhal 1081310109

What are Lubricants?

Lubricants

are the substances that reduce friction between two surfaces which move over one other

Classification of Lubricants.
SOLIDS

graphite talc chalk Teflon grease Vaseline vegetable oils animal oils

SEMI SOLID

LIQUID

mineral oils
blended synthetic

Solid Lubricants
Solid lubricants are employed in

(1) heavy machinery

(2) situations where semisolid or liquid film of lubricant can't be maintained (3) parts to be lubricated are not easily accessible (4) operating temp. and pressure are too high and easily combustible liquid lubricant can't be used

Solid lubricants are either used in dry powder form or mixed with water or oil Graphite is very soft metal, it is greasy to touch and serves as a lubricant when mixed with petroleum jelly to form a graphite grease. Molybdenum Sulphide is stable at high temperature and thus ,it is used in machines which are subjected to high temperature

Semi-solid Lubricants
Greases are mixtures of mineral oils and soap to this mixture we add fillers or chemical additives to give characteristics like oxidation resistance rust prevention

extreme pressure attributes

Important Grease Lime base grease are prepared by treating required amount of fatty oil with calcium hydroxide soln. It is resistant to water and has a low melting point ,it is not under temperatures exceeding o 80 C Soda base greases are produced by sodium hydroxide solution. They have high melting point but are unstable in water

Properties of Lubricants
1.Viscosity
2.Volatility 3.Acidity and alkalinity 4.Saponification number 5.Oiliness 6.Cloud point and Pour point 7.Flash point and Fire point 8.Aniline point 9.Precipitation point 10.Iodine number

Viscosity
Viscosity is the property of a liquid or fluid by virtue of which it offers resistance to its own flow
Viscosity is the measure of the performance of the lubricant For machine parts moving at slow speeds under high pressure ,a heavy oil(highly viscous) should be used. For minimum friction, thinnest(least viscous) oils should be used EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE As the temperature is increased, force of cohesion is weakened and thus, viscosity is decreased Variation of viscosity with temperature is measured using Viscosity Index. This scale was introduced by Society of Automotive Engineers(SAE). The working range of temperature for VI is 38-99oC

VI = 100{(L-U)/(L-H)}

Volatility
If lubricants containing volatile impurities is used, the volatile compounds vanishes from the sample due to volatization and the quantity of pure compound is reduced and is left as residue. This may lead to Lubricant Starvation.

Acidity and Alkalinity

Just like pH, acidity and alkalinity are interns of Neutralization Number
Neutralization Number = No. of c.c. of N/10 KOH x 5.6 ________________________ Weight of Oil taken

Total Acidity/Acid Value/Acid Number

Amount of titrating base ,expressed as mg of KOH required to neutralize all acidic constituents of 1g of sample Total Alkalinity/Base Value/Base Number

Amount of titrating acid ,expressed as mg of KOH required to neutralize all basic constituents of 1g of sample
Significance If the acid no. of a lubricating oil is more than 0.10,then it is sure to contain an additive because without additive ,the oil can't have acid number more than 0.10

Saponification Number
Saponification is the hydrolysis of an ester in presence of NaOH or KOH to give alcohol and sodium or potassium salt of acid saponification Number is the amount of KOH in mg that is required to saponify fatty material present in 1g of the oil Significance Vegetable and animal oils undergo saponification but mineral oils do not undergo saponification. It is used 1. to distinguish between fatty oil and mineral oil 2. to identify the given fatty oil(for fatty oil, it is a measure of molecular weight) 3. to determine the extent of adulteration in the given oil 4. to determine the extent of compounding fats and oils added to improve oiliness in a lubricant Percentage of fatty oil = (C/F) x 100 C = Saponification Number of lubricant F = Saponification Number of fatty oil

Oiliness
It is the property of a lubricant to stick on to the surface under the conditions high speed and heavy load. An oil with high degree of oiliness will satisfy the above the conditions Vegetable oils have more oiliness Mineral oils have less oiliness

Cloud Point and Pour Point

Cloud point is the temperature at which the oil becomes cloudy and hazy in appearance Pour point is the temperature at which the oil ceases to flow or pour Both these points can be observed if we cool down an oil real slowly Significance

Lubricants which are used at low temperatures should have low pour points otherwise solidification of lubricant will occur and jam the machine
Aircraft engines require to start and operate at sub zero temperature

Flash Point and Fire Point

Flash Point is the temperature at which the oil gives sufficient amount of vapours to form an inflammable mixture with air which catches fire when flame is applied .At this temperature, a momentary flash is observed

Flash point is determined using Cleveland's open-cup (Flash Point below 120oF) and Pensky Marten's or Abel's closed cup (Flash Point above 120oF)
Fire point is the temperature just like the Flash Point but here the mixture is burned at least for 5 seconds when ignited with flame Fire point is (5oC to 40oC) higher than the Flash point. At Fire point the heat from the flash becomes sufficient to evaporate more liquid and maintain combustion Significance A knowledge about flash point and fire point of the lubricants employed will be helpful in providing safeguards against fire hazard during their storage, handling, transportation and use.

Aniline Point
Aniline point is the least temperature at which the oil is completely miscible with an equal volume of freshly distilled aniline Significance It is the measure of the aromatic content. An oil with a higher aniline point contains more of the paraffinic hydrocarbons and less of aromatic hydrocarbons

Precipitation Number
Precipitation Number is the percentage of asphalt present in the oil

Iodine Value
The no. of grams of iodine absorbed in 100g of the oil is called iodine value The degree of unsaturation of oils and fats is reported in terms of Iodine Value Iodine Value is also used to determine the extent of contamination in a given oil Oils are also classified on the basis of their iodine value Drying oils - Linseed oil, Tung oil etc. (IV>150) Semi-drying oils - Soya bean oil, dehydrated castor oil (IV = 100 to 150)

Non-drying oils - castor oil, coconut oil (IV<100)

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