Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
RESERVOIR
ROCK
ENGINEERING
LECTURE-04 13.09.10
POROSITY
Porosity
Porosity is defined as percentage or fraction of void to the bulk volume of the rock. The void space in reservoir rocks is the inter-granular spaces between the sedimentary particles
Porosity relations
Let us consider a rock sample. Its apparent volume, or total volume VT, consists of a solid volume VS and a pore volume Vp. The porosity is:
V pore = -------V total VP VT
expressed in %
VT - VS -------VT
= -------- =
=1-
VS -------VT
(r) t, = u + r
(u)
Remarks
A distinction is made between inter granular porosity, dissolution porosity (as in lime stones for example) and fracture porosity. The fracture porosity related to rock volume is often much less than 1% As a rule, porosity decreases with increasing depth.
Remarks
Effective porosity is basically used for reserve calculation. In moderate to high porosity rocks, there is little difference in total and effective porosity, but low porosity value there has appreciable and significant difference.
Primary porosity Is the space between grains that were not compacted together completely This is related to pores/voids between sand grains or solid particles, as well as space between sub layers and voids created after decaying of organisms. It is characterised by more or less uniform distribution in the rock. Found in sand and sand stones , clays , conglomerates.
Secondary porosity Is the porosity created through alteration of rock, commonly by processes such as dolomitization, dissolution and fracturing Developed as a result of diagenesis. Connects the altered void spaces with fractures resulting from tectonic disturbances. Characterised with non uniform distribution and it is not possible to establish any trend through out the reservoir.
Packing Models
An attempt to determine the approx. Limits of
& Fraser computed porosities for various packing arrangements and given as :-
Porosity Range
ROCK TYPE Argillaceous shale Clays Sands Sand stones Carbonates POROSITY RANGE,% 0.54 6.00 6.00 3.50 0.65 1.40 50 52 29 33
Measurement of Porosity
In situ Surface
Well Logs
Core Analysis
In situ techniques
Several logging tools like - Electrical, Nuclear, Density, or Sonic methods are used to estimare porosity. Resolution is effective around the well bore. Measurements need to be confirmed / calibrated against porosities measured at surface conditions, The relationship developed apply only to those surface conditions.
Core Analysis
Following equation is used:
On a sample of generally simple geometric form, two of the three values Vp , Vs and VT are therefore determined. The standard sample (plug) is cylindrical, Its cross section measures about 4 to 12 cm2 and its length is varies between 2 to 5 cm. The plugs are first washed and dried. The measuring instruments are coupled to microcomputers to process the results rapidly.
(a) Measurement of the buoyancy exerted by mercury on the sample immersed in it (IFP) The apparatus has a frame C connected by a rod to a float F immersed in a beaker containing mercury. A reference index R is Fixed to the rod. A plate B is suspended from the plate. (a) First measurement: the sample is VT placed on plate B with a weight P1 to bring R in,in contact with the mercury. (b) Second measurement: the sample is placed under the hooks of float F, and the weight P2 is placed on plate B to bring R in to contact with the mercury. If Hg is the density of at measurement temperature. VT Then:
APPARATUS
A. Measurement of VT
B. Measurement of VT
(c) Measurement: The foregoing methods are unsuitable if the rock contains fissures or macro pores, because mercury will penetrate into them. Here a piece of cylindrical cores diameter d and height h can be measured using sliding caliper:
Measurement of VS
Measurement of the buoyancy exerted on the sample by a solvent with which it is saturated.
The method is most accurate but difficult and time consuming to achieve complete saturation. The operations are normally VS by immersion method standardized. The difference between the weights of sample in air (P air) and the solvent in which it is immersed (P immersed) gives VS as :
Use of compression chamber and Boyle law Regardless of specific apparatus used i.e. singe cell or double chamber, the sample is subjected to known initial pressure by gas, which was originally at atmospheric pressure. The pressure is then changed by varying the volume of gas in chamber. The variation in volume and pressure are measured by using Boyles law.
Measurement of VS
P1 V1 = P2 V2
The equipments using single cell and double are shown in next slide.
Measurement of VS
Use of compression chamber and Boyle law Use of single cell
4
3 1
3
1 is chamber for core 2 is core 3 is volume plunger 4 is pressure guage
2
1 is chamber for core 2 is constant volume chamber 3 is core 4 & 5 is pressure manometers 6 is source of gas
C. Determination of VP
The pore volume can be measured directly, by measuring the volume of air in the pores, by weighing a liquid filling the pores, or by mercury injection a. Measurement of air in the pores : The mercury positive displacement pump is used for this purpose. After measuring VT ,the value of the sample core holder is closed and the air in the interconnected pores is expanded. The variation in volume and pressure are neasured using Boyles law.
b. Measurement by weighing a liquid filling the effective pores This liquid is often brine c. Measurement by mercury injection In this case the mercury should never the interconnected pores. The value obtained can be effectively used .
Sw = Vw/ VP
SO = Vo/ VP
SG = VG/ VP
What is new
NMR SPECROSCOY
By measuring the proton signal strength at time zero compared to proton signal of known standard. In addition to bulk measurements of core porosity , it is also useful to produce porosity images in order to map out details fluids like kind, location, porosity changes/ variationtions, drilling mud invasion, formation anomaly etc. * The technique is not applicable to shaly sand stone due to resolution problems. Example analysis is presented / compared:
NMR SPECROSCOY
Rock
Sand stone1 Lime stone1 Dolomite1 Dolomite2 Sand stone2 Sand stone3
% Error
-1.3 -4.4 -0.6 +2.3 3.9 4.8
CT Scan Analysis
Sample
I-5-32
Radius(mm)
1.3 2.9
Avg Radius
1.66
1.5
1.1 1.4 1.2
960.00
1,309.09 1,028.57 1,200.00
0.0126 psi
2.2
total 11.6
654.55
Sf T(dyne/cm^2)
72
500m
500m
250 m
10,133 ft
Tc
10,136 ft
10,139 ft
Mt
Tc
3
Mt
Mt slumped
Tc-Mt
Tc ( to SMD? Mt > Tc
Tc-Tb
1b 3
Mt slumped
13,667.00 ft
Tb Mt
13,670.00 ft
MT?
13,673.00 ft
S-Ta?
Mt Tc+Mt
3
10,139 ft
MSD (2a.) Mt Ta
Tc? Slumped
10,136 ft
Ta
Tc
10,142 ft
more abundant mud intraclast content Ta
MT?
1000 m
Ta-S?
ISE, 2002
13,670.00 ft
13,673.00 ft
13,676.00 ft
Conclusions
(porosity) is a measure of the storage capacity given as that is capable of holding fluids, Mathematically ,it may be given as
Absolute porosity Ratio of the total pore space in the rock to that of the bulk volume
Effective porosity Is the percentage of interconnected pore space with respect to the bulk volume
Example 1 The grain volume of rock sample of 1.5 dia and 5.6 cm length was found to be 56.24 cc and bulk volume of the sample using mercury displacement method was measured 73.80 cc. If dry weight of the sample is149.88 gms, find the grain density. Calculate the pore volume and porosity of the sample.
is that developed in the deposition of the material, is that developed by some geologic process subsequent to deposition of the rock
effective porosity is the value that is used in all reservoir engineering calculations
important application of the effective porosity is its use in determining the original hydrocarbon volume in place
Example 1 *Pore volume = Bulk volume-Grain volume =73.80 56.24=17,56 cc *Porosity,% =(Pore volume/Grain volume) x 100 =(17.56/73.80)X100 = 23.79% *Grain density=Dry weight of sample/Grain volume = 149.88/56.24 = 2.665 gms/cc Example 2
Step 1. Determine the specific gravity of the stock-tank oil as 0.8156 Step 2. Calculate the initial oil formation volume factor as 1.306 bbl /STB
Step 3. Calculate the pore = 7758 (640) (10) (0.15) = 7,447,680 bbl Step 4. Calculate the initial oil in place. Initial oil in place = 12,412,800 (1 - 0.25)/1.306 = 4,276,998 STB
Solution
POROSITY ?
Porosity = void volume soil volume Porosity = 0.3 cubic meters 1.0 cubic meters Porosity = 0.3