ELECTRIC DRIVER 1

Upon the completion of this topic, you should be able to:2.1 Study the Electrical driver in AC motor 2.1.1 Define an electrical driver 2.1.2 Compare types of AC driver 2.2 Study four quadrant in AC motor operation 2.2.1 Draw the torque against speed axis 2.2.2 Justify the types of moto operation in each quadrant 2.3 Understand torque speed curve 2.3.1 Construct the torque-speed curve for the induction motor 2.3.2 Explain the operation and function of a motor in every quadrant 2.3.3 Draw the curve of torque versus speed if the stator connected in forward and reverse

Define an electrical driver

a system that contains one or more electric motors and most electrical control equipment designed to control the motors achievement.

Overview of AC and DC drives After vector control drives were introduced (1980s) AC motors used in high performance applications elevators, tractions, servos AC motors favorable than DC motors however control is complex hence expensive Cost of microprocessor/semiconductors decreasing predicted 30 years ago AC motors would take over DC motors

Electrical Drives
Drives are systems employed for motion control

Require prime movers

Drives that employ electric motors as prime movers are known as Electrical Drives

Conventional electric drives

Bulky Inefficient inflexible

Modern electric drives (With power electronic converters)

Small Efficient Flexible

Modern electric drives

Utility interface Renewable energy

Machine design Speed sensorless Machine Theory

Non-linear control Real-time control DSP application PFC Speed sensorless Power electronic converters

Inter-disciplinary
Several research area Expanding

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC DRIVES - MODULE 1

Components in electric drives e.g. Single drive - sensorless vector control from Hitachi

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC DRIVES - MODULE 1

Components in electric drives e.g. Multidrives system from ABB

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC DRIVES - MODULE 1

Components in electric drives Motors DC motors - permanent magnet wound field AC motors induction, synchronous (IPMSM, SMPSM), brushless DC Applications, cost, environment

Power sources DC batteries, fuel cell, photovoltaic - unregulated AC Single- three- phase utility, wind generator - unregulated Power processor To provide a regulated power supply Combination of power electronic converters More efficient Flexible Compact AC-DC DC-DC DC-AC AC-AC

Components in electric drives

Control unit Complexity depends on performance requirement analog- noisy, inflexible, ideally has infinite bandwidth. digital immune to noise, configurable, bandwidth is smaller than the analog controllers DSP/microprocessor flexible, lower bandwidth - DSPs perform faster operation than microprocessors (multiplication in single cycle), can perform complex estimations

Overview of AC and DC drives

DC motors: Regular maintenance, heavy, expensive, speed limit Easy control, decouple control of torque and flux

AC motors: Less maintenance, light, less expensive, high speed Coupling between torque and flux variable spatial angle between rotor and stator flux

Overview of AC and DC drives Before semiconductor devices were introduced (<1950) AC motors for fixed speed applications DC motors for variable speed applications After semiconductor devices were introduced (1950s) Variable frequency sources available AC motors in variable speed applications Coupling between flux and torque control Application limited to medium performance applications fans, blowers, compressors scalar control High performance applications dominated by DC motors tractions, elevators, servos, etc

Overview of AC and DC drives After vector control drives were introduced (1980s) AC motors used in high performance applications elevators, tractions, servos AC motors favorable than DC motors however control is complex hence expensive Cost of microprocessor/semiconductors decreasing predicted 30 years ago AC motors would take over DC motors

Types of AC Driver
Static Frequency Changers

An electronic device that converts alternating current (AC) of one frequency to alternating current of another frequency.
Static Voltage Controllers

An electrical device for providing fast-acting reactive power on high-voltage electricity transmission networks.

Rectifier-inverter System with Line Commutation

A line communicated inverter is tied to a power grid or line. The commutation of power (conversion from DC to AC) is controlled by the power line, so that, if there is a failure in the power grid, the photovoltaic system cannot feed power into the line.

Rectifier-inverter System with Self Commutation

Self-commutated Inverter an inverter that uses switches and controls that may be turned on and off at anytime. Generally this inverter uses a PWM method to generate a synthesized waveform. Self-commutated inverters may be utilityinteractive or stand-alone. They may be voltage controlled or current controlled

Torque speed curve

Four Quadrant in AC motor

QUADRAnt

OPERATION

1 and 3

represent the motor applying torque in the direction of motion the Flow of energy is from electrical to mechanical The servo motor is converting electrical power from the drive into motion in the system represent applying torque opposite the direction of the motion motor is actually acting as a generator. The motion of the system is being converted into electrical power, which is then absorbed by the drive

2 and 4

Curve of torque versus speed if the stator connected in reverse