Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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6500
Outflow
6000
NATURAL FLOW
5500
Pwf, psi
4500
6500
Outflow
6000
NOT FLOWING
5500
Pwf, psi
5000
4500
6500
6000
5500
Pwf, psi
5000
4500
ARTIFICIAL LIFT
As pressure in the reservoir declines, the producing capacity of the wells will decline. The decline is caused by a decrease in the ability of the reservoir to supply fluid to the well bore. Methods are available to reduce the flowing well bottom hole pressure by artificial means. BOMBEO ELECTRICAL ELECTROSUMERGIBLE SUBMERSIBLE PUMP (BES) (ESP)
SUCKER ROD BEAM PUMP (BP) BOMBEO MECANICO (BALANCIN) BOMBEO HYDRAULIC HIDRAULICO PUMP (piston (pistn or jet) o jet)
Rod Pumps
PC Pumps
Hydraulic Lift
Submersible Pump
Gas Lift
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
PCP Hydraulic Piston Pumps Beam Pump ESP Hydraulic Jet Pump Gas Lift (Continuous) Gas Lift (Intermittent)
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Flowline
Gas Lift involves the supply of high pressure gas to the casing/tubing annulus and its injection into the tubing deep in the well. The increased gas content of the produced fluid reduces the average flowing density of the fluids in the tubing, hence increasing the formation drawdown and the well inflow rate.
Pwh Pressure
Gas Injection
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Flowline
Gas Injection
Packer
Operating Valve
video
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Stem
Piod
Ball
Piod
Ppd
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Ppd
Po = Pd - Pt R 1-R where R = Ap / Ab
Required Dome pressure to get the opening pressure at P, T:
Pc
Pd Ab
Ap
Pd = Po (1 R) +Pt R
Pt
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CONVENTIONAL MANDREL
14
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RK / BK LATCH
15
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KICKOVER TOOL
THE KICKOVER TOOL IS RUN ON WIRELINE AND USED TO PULL AND SET GAS LIFT VALVES. THE ABILITY TO WIRELINE CHANGE-OUT GAS LIFT VALVES GIVES GREAT FLEXIBILITY IN THE GAS LIFT DESIGN
16
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17
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18
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Valve 1
Valve 2 Valve 3
Valve 1
Valve 2 Valve 3
closed
open
open
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Video 2
PRESSURE
AVAILABLE PRESSURE INJECTION POINT
DEPTH
BALANCE POINT
100 PSI
AVERAGE. RESERVOIR PRESSURE Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
Pr
Excessive GLR
Eonomic Optimum
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LIQUID RATE, QL
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Injection Depth
Psep Pwh
Closing pressure
pko
pressure
pvc1
Opening pressure
pvc2
depth
pcv3
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ORIFICE FLOW
SUB-CRITICAL FLOW
PTUBING = 55%
PRESSURE (PSI)
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PCASING
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Pressure psi
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Technical Optimum
x x
2 Initial Oil Rate at Kick-off 3 Technical cut-off limit 4 Max. Oil Rate
x
x x x
2
x
1
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Qo
Qo1 Optimum total field gas lift performance curve
WELL 1
Qgi Qo
WELL 2 Qo2
Qot
Qgi
n Qoi i=1 n Qgi i=1
Nodal analysis Qo
WELL n Qon
Qgit
Qgi
Qgi
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SCENARIOS
1. CONTNUOUS GAS INJECTION AND LIQUID PRODUCTION.
2. CONTINUOUS GAS INJECTION AND NO LIQUID PRODUCTION. 3. THE WELL DOES NOT RECEIVE GAS AND THERE IS NOT LIQUID PRODUCTION
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Pwh
.
Inj.Pressure
.
Pr Pr
A
Val. 1
Depth
Val. 2
Val. 3
A B C
QA
QB
QC
QL
When there is not consistency in the data, then a hole in the tubing or multiple injection points may exist, in which case a temperature log is necessary to arrive at a final conclusion.
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GAS LIFT WELL DIAGNOSIS CONTINUOUS GAS INJECTION AND NO LIQUID PRODUCTION SCENARIO
Under this scenario the well is circulating gas due to the following possible causes: Under this scenario the well is circulating gas due to the following possible causes: Hole in the tubing Hole in the tubing No transference of the injection point to the next valve No transference of the injection point to the next valve Formation damage restricts the inflow capacity of the reservoir Formation damage restricts the inflow capacity of the reservoir Organic or inorganic deposits in the tubing or flowline Organic or inorganic deposits in the tubing or flowline The causes of no transference of the injection point to the next deeper valve are: The causes of no transference of the injection point to the next deeper valve are: High tubing pressure High tubing pressure Low gas injection pressure Low gas injection pressure
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Possible causes: Possible causes: Gas injection valve closed Gas injection valve closed Gas line broken Gas line broken Gas line restriction due to hydrates formation (Freezing Problems) Gas line restriction due to hydrates formation (Freezing Problems) High gas lift valve opening pressure High gas lift valve opening pressure
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Medium-light oil (15 - 40 API) GOR 0 - 4000 SCF / STB Depth limited to compression capacity Low capacity to reduce the bottom hole flowing pressure High initial investment (Gas compressors cost) Installation cost low (slick line job) Low operational and maintenance cost Simplified well completions Flexibility - can handle rates from 10 to 50,000 bpd Can best handle sand / gas / well deviation Intervention relatively less expensive
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Prime Mover
Casing
crank
TRAVELING VALVE
Tubing
Sucker Rods
FLUID
WORKING BARREL STANDING VALVE
FLUID
PLUNGER MOVING UP
Standing Valve
ANIM
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STANDING VALVE
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Extra heavy-light oil (8.5 - 40 API) Oil Production: 20 - 2000 STB/day GOR: 2.000 PCN / BN (can handle free gas, but pump efficiency is decreased) Maximum depth: 9000 feet for light oil and 5000 feet for heavy-extra heavy oil Subsurface equipment stands up to 500 F Tolerant to solids production (5-10 % volume) Tolerant to pumping off conditions
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Mark II
Beam Balanced
Low Profile
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved Drawings Courtesy of Lufkin Industries, Inc. Lufkin, Texas
Air Balanced
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Downhole Pumps
Insert Pump - fits inside the production tubing and is seated in nipple in the tubing. Tubing Pump - is an integral part of the production tubing string.
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Insert Pumps
Pump is run inside the tubing attached to sucker rods
Pump size is limited by tubing size Lower flow rates than tubing pump
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Insert Pump
Tubing
Plunger
Traveling valve Barrel Standing valve Seating nipple Ball & seat
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Cage
Tubing Pumps
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Tubing Pump
Tubing Connection w/tubing
Plunger
Tubing Anchors
Often a device is used to prevent the tubing string from moving with the rod pump during actuation. A tubing anchor prevents the tubing from moving, and allows the tubing to be left in tension which reduces rod wear.
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Tubing Anchors
No buckling Neutral point
Buckling
Downstroke
Standing valve closed; full fluid load stretched tubing down to most elongated position. Tension in tubing at maximum for cycle. No buckling
Upstroke
Traveling valve closed; portion of fluid load transferred to rods. Tubing relieved of load contracts. Tension in tubing at minimum for cycle. Buckling occurs from pump to neutral point
Breathing
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Manufacturers put the constant and Ap together as K for each plunger size, so PD = K x Sp X N
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Volumetric efficiency
Calculated pump displacement will differ from surface rate due to:
Slip/leakage of the plunger Stroke length stretch Viscosity of fluid Gas breakout on chamber Reservoir formation factor (Bo) defines higher downhole volume
Volumetric efficiency Ev = Q / PD
Typical values : 70 80%
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Exercise
A)Determine the pump speed (SPM) needed to produce 400 STB/d at the surface with a rod pump having a 2-inch diameter plunger, a 80-inch effective plunger stroke length, and a plunger efficiency due to slippage of 80%. The oil formation volume factor is 1.2. B)If my pump speed is not to exceed 10 SPM what is an alternative plunger design ?
Sol.
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Exercise (Equations)
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Weight of rod string Weight of fluid Maximum stress in rod Yield strength of rod material Stretch Buckling Fatigue loading Inertia of rod and fluid as goes through a stroke Buoyancy Friction Well head pressure
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Counterweight
Balances the load on the surface prime mover A pump with no counterweight would have a cyclic load on the prime mover load only on upstroke Sized on an average load through the cycle
Equivalent to buoyant weight of rods plus half the weight of the fluid
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Gas Separators
A rod pump is designed to pump or lift liquids only. Any entrained gas (formation gas) must be separated from the produced liquids and allowed to vent up the annulus. If gas is allowed to enter the pump, damage will often occur due to gas lock or fluid pound.
WF
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Pump Problems
Downhole pump failures can result from: Abrasion from solids Corrosion (galvanic, H2S embrittlement, or acid) Scale buildup Normal wear seal and valves Gas locking Stress from fluid pounding Rod breaks Plunger jams
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Disadvantages
Maximum volume decreases rapidly with depth Susceptible to free gas Frequent repairs Deviated wellbores are difficult Reduced tubing bore Subsurface safety difficult Doesnt utilize formation gas Can suffer from severe corrosion
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Upstroke
Load
Downstroke Displacement
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Dynamometer Card
Upstroke
F Maximum load D C E
Minimum load
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Charge ignited
Sonolog
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Variables
Dynagraph Card Motor Current Demand Liquid Production Rate Production Gas Liquid Ratio Water Cut Tubing Head Pressure and Temperature Casing Head Pressure and Temperature Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure and Temperature (fluid level in the annulus) Pumping Velocity
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(a) Full pump card The conditions of an optimized beam pumping well are maximum production with a dynamic fluid level at 100 feet above the pump or sufficient submergence of the pump to produce a full pump card . Displacement Load
For low productivity wells the full pump card Condition is difficult to maintain and a pump off condition is generated. When pump off condition is detected, the pumping unit is shut down by a pump off controller for a predetermined period of time to allow fluid build up in the casing-tubing annulus. The shut down time may be determined from a build up test.
Displacement
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Load
Displacement
Load
Load
Displacement
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Displacement
Load
Load
Load
Load
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The Basic ESP System 100 to 100,000 BPD Installed to 15,000 ft Equipment diameters from 3.38 to 11.25 Casing Sizes - 4 1/2 to 13 5/8 Variable Speed Available Metallurgies to Suit Applications
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Range of Application
Extra heavy - light (8.5 - 40 API) Gas Volume at bottom hole conditions: less than 15 % Maximum Temperature: 500 F Very sensible to solids production and pump off condition.
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Each "stage" consists of an impeller and a diffuser. The impeller takes the fluid and imparts kinetic energy to it. The diffuser converts this kinetic energy into potential energy (head).
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Oil flows up, through suction side of impeller, and is discharged with higher pressure, out through the diffuser. Impeller Diffuser Shaft
video
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Depth
ESP
Pup P
Pdn
Pwf
Pr
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FLOWING PRESSURE
0 0
FLOW RATE, QL HP = 1.72x10-5P (QoBo + QwBw)
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HEAD CAPACITY
OPTIMUM RANGE
HEAD, ft / stage
HP MOTOR LOAD
PUMP EFFICIENCY
0
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FLOW RATE, QL
ESP SELECTION
1) TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD = P / fluid density 2) FROM TYPICAL PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE DETERMINE HEAD (FT) PER STAGE AND EFFICIENCY TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD 3) NUMBER OF STAGES = FEET/STAGE
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ROTOR
Wellhead
Flowline
STATOR
video
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When the rotor and stator are in place, defined sealed cavities are formed. As the rotor turns within the stator, the cavities progress in an upward direction. When fluid enters a cavity, it is actually driven to the surface in a smooth steady flow.
When the rotor and stator are in place, defined sealed cavities are formed. As the rotor turns within the stator, the cavities progress in an upward direction. When fluid enters a cavity, it is actually driven to the surface in a smooth steady flow.
video
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Extra heavy Light oil (8.5 - 40 API) Production Capacity: 20-3500 STB/day GOR: 0 -5000 SCF/ STB Maximum Depth: - 3000 feet: 500 - 3000 STB/day heavy-extra heavy oil - 7000 feet : < 500 STB/day heavy-extra heavy oil Maximum Temperature for subsurface pump: 250 F Low profile surface components (very low environmental impact) Does not create emulsions
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Able to produce:
High concentrations of sand. High viscosity fluid. High percentages of free gas.
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Simple two piece design Capable of handling solids & high viscosity fluids Will not emulsify fluid High volumetric efficiencies
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APPLICATIONS:
Progressing Cable Cavity Pump Intake Gear Box & Flex Drive Protector
Rotor Stator
Horizontal wells
Deep wells
Intake Gearbo x
Protect or Motor
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Applications
Heavy oil and bitumen. Production of solids-laden fluids. Medium to sweet crude. Agricultural areas. Urban areas.
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Interference fit between the rotor and stator creates a series of isolated cavities Rotation of the rotor causes the cavities to move or progress from one end of the pump to the other
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Non Pulsating Pump Generates Pressure Required To Move Constant Volume Flow is a function of RPM
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Q
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FLOW RATE
=A
CAVITY AREA
CONVENTIONAL 1:2
MULTILOBE 2:3
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Eccentricity
Stator
Rotor
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D P
P = Stator Pitch length (one full turn = two cavities)
4E
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The geometry of the helical gear formed by the rotor and the stator is fully defined by the following parameters: the diameter of the Rotor = D (in.) eccentricity = E (in.) pitch length of the Stator = P (in.) The minimum length required for the pump to create effective pumping action is the pitch length. This is the length of one seal line.
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Example
Given: Pump eccentricity (e) = 0.25 in Pump rotor diameter (D) = 1.5 in Pump stator pitch (p) = 6.0 in Pump speed (N) = 200 RPM Find: Pump displacement Theoretical fluid rate
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FLUIDO DE POWER FLUID COMBINED POTENCIA FLUID RETURN PRODUCTION INLET BOQUILLA NOZZLE CHAMBER
CASING REVESTIDOR
FORMATION FORMACION
FLUIDOS FLUIDS
video
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