PRESENTED TO:

MAM RASHIDA

PRESENTED BY:
ATIF HANEEF SHAMREZA NAZEER SADIA DURFSHAN AMINA

CONTENTS:
~What is Transformer?

~Basic principle ~Transformer structure ~Construction & working ~Central tapped transformer ~Difference between central tapped and normal ~Autotransformer ~Three phase and single phase transformer ~Step up and step down transformer ~Applications & uses

What is Transformer?

What is Transformer? A transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which an electrical power is transferred from one alternating current circuit to another electrical circuit. There is no electrical contact between them. The desire change in voltage or current, with out any change in frequency. Note: It works on the principles of mutual induction

Construction of Transformer::

core

limb

Construction of Transformer::
There are two basics of transformer contraction. a) Magnetic Core b)Windings or Coils. a) Magnetic Core: The core of transformer either square or rectangular type in size. It is further divided into two parts Vertical and Horizontal. The vertical portion on which coils are wound is called limb while Horizontal portion is called Yoke. .

b)Windings: Conducting material is used in the windings of the transformer. The coils used are wound on the limbs and insulated from each other. The two different windings are wounds on two different limbs i.e. primary on one limbs while secondary on other limb in the basic transformer. The leakage flux increases which affects the performance and efficiency of transformer. To reduce the leakage flux it is necessary that the windings should be very close to each other to have high mutual induction.

Structure of Transformer::

Primary winding

Secondary winding

Structure of Transformer::
The transformer consists two inductive coils, these are electrically separated but linked through a common magnetic circuit. These two coils have a high mutual induction. One of the two coils is connected to a source of alternating voltage . This coil in which electrical energy is fed with the help of source called primary winding(P), as shown in figure . The other winding is connected to a load. The electrical energy is transformed to this winding drawn out to the load. This winding is called secondary winding(S ), also as shown.

Working Principle:

Working Principle:: The transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. When an alternating current flows in the primary coil, a changing magnetic flux is generated around the primary coil . the principle of mutual induction states that when the two coils are inductively coupled and if the current in coil change uniformly then the e.m.f induced in the other coil. this e.m.f can drive a current when a closed path is provided to it.

Types of transformer::

Types of Transformer:: Transformer classified into these classes: 1. Step-up Transformer: 2. Step-down Transformer 1. Step-up Transformer: A transformer in which Ns>Np is called a step up transformer. A step up transformer is a transformer which converts low alternate voltage to high alternate voltage. 2. Step-down Transformer: A transformer in which Np>Ns is called a step down transformer. A step down transformer is a transformer which converts high alternative voltage to low alternative voltage.

Can a transformer step up or step down the DC current or voltage? The DC supply can not be used for transformer. Because the transformer works on the principle of mutual induction, for which the current in coil changes uniformly. If DC supply is apply the current does not change uniformly due to constant supply and transformer will not work. The DC supply may cause the transformer to the damage permanently .

Ideal V/S Practical Transformer:: A transformer is said to be ideal if it satisfies the following properties, but no transformer is ideal in practice. It has no losses. Windings resistance are zero. There is no flux leakage. Small current is required to produce the magnetic field. While the practical transformer has windings resistance, some leakage flux and has little bit losses.

Central tapped transformer

Center tap transformer is the such kind of transformer that is made to a point half way along a winding of a transformer. It means that the primary and/or secondary coil of the transformer literally has a connection half way through.

Where center tapped transformers used? The transformer that feeds your house is a center tapped transformer. Primary 7200, Secondary 240. The 240 volt secondary is center tapped to give you 120 volts on either side of the tap. Hence house voltage is 120 / 240 volts

Construction
When an additional wire is connected across the exact middle point of the secondary winding of a transformer, it is called a center tapped transformer. The wire is adjusted such that it falls in the exact middle point of the secondary winding and is thus at zero volts, forming the neutral point for the winding.

CONT This is called the center tap and this thing allows the transformer to provide two separate output voltages which are equal in magnitude, but opposite in polarity to each other. In this way, we can also use a number of turn ratios from such a transformer.

Working of this transformer The two voltages, between line 1 and neutral and between neutral and line 2 can be named as VA and VB respectively. Then the mathematical relation of these two voltages shows that they are dependent upon the primary voltage as well as the turn ration of the transformer V = (NA / NP) * AVP VB = (NB / NP) * VP

Difference between a Normal and a Center Tapped Transformer The primary difference that is evident here is that a normal transformer provides you with only one voltage, for example, say 240 V. But a center tapped transformer will provide you with two voltages each of 240/ 2 i.e. 120 V, so that we can drive two independent circuits.

Application & Uses: The transformer used in television and photocopy machines. ii)The transformer (ballast transformer) are also installed in fluorescent tube light . iii)The transmission and distribution of alternating power is possible by transformer. Iv) Simple camera flash uses fly back transformer. V) Signals and audio transformer are used couple in amplifier.

Auto Transformer::
An autotransformer (sometimes called auto step down transformer)is an electrical transformer with only one winding. The "auto" (Greek for "self") prefix refers to the single coil acting on itself and not to any kind of automatic mechanism. In an autotransformer, portions of the same winding act as both the primary and secondary sides of the transformer. The winding has at least three taps where electrical connections are made.

Operation
An autotransformer has a single winding with two end terminals, and one or more terminals at intermediate tap points, or a transformer in which the primary and secondary coils have part or all of their turns in common. The primary voltage is applied across two of the terminals, and the secondary voltage taken from two terminals, almost always having one terminal in common with the primary voltage. The primary and secondary circuits therefore have a number of windings turns in common. Since the volts-per-turn is the same in both windings, each develops a voltage in proportion to its number of turns. In an autotransformer part of the current flows directly from the input to the output, and only part is transferred inductively, allowing a smaller, lighter, cheaper core to be used as well as requiring only a single winding.[] However the voltage and current ratio of autotransformers can be formulated the same as other twowinding transformers:

Single-phase tapped autotransformer with output voltage range of 40%115% of input

Construction
(0<V2<V1) The ampere-turns provided by the upper half The ampere-turns provided by the lower half For ampere-turn balance, FU=FL: therefore:

Advantages & Disadvantages . Autotransformers have the advantages of often being smaller, lighter, and cheaper than typical dual-winding transformers, but the disadvantage of not providing electrical isolation Autotransformers include lower leakage reactance, lower losses, lower excitation current, and increased KVA rating.

CONT
Because of electrical conductivity of the primary and secondary windings the lower voltage circuit is liable to be impressed upon by higher voltage. To avoid breakdown in the lower voltage circuit, it becomes necessary to design the low voltage circuit to withstand higher voltage.

Application & Uses: i)The transformer used in television and photocopy machines. ii)The transformer (ballast transformer) are also installed in fluorescent tube light . iii)The transmission and distribution of alternating power is possible by transformer. iv) Simple camera flash uses fly back transformer. v) Signals and audio transformer are used couple in amplifier.