Fundamentals of Heat Transfer and

Mass Transfer
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What is heat transfer
Heat transfer (or Heat) is energy in transit due
to a temperature difference.
T1
T2
Overview
Units of Heat
Objectives are to:
define and distinguish between various units of heat
define the mechanical equivalent of heat
discuss everyday examples to illustrate these concepts
Units of Heat
Units of Heat
Heat is energy in transit, and is measured in energy units.
The SI unit is the joule (J), or Newton-metre (Nm).
Historically, heat was measured in terms of the ability to
raise the temperature of water.
The kilocalorie (kcal), or Calorie (Cal), or big calorie:
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1
kilogramme of water by 1 C
0
(from 14.5
0
C to 15.5
0
C)
The calorie, or little calorie: amount of heat needed to
raise the temperature of 1 gramme of water by 1 C
0
(from
14.5
0
C to 15.5
0
C)
In industry, the British thermal unit (Btu) is still used:
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb of
water by 1 F
0
(from 63
0
F to 64
0
F)
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
Joule demonstrated that water
can be heated by doing
(mechanical) work, and showed
that for every 4186 J of work
done, the temperature of water
rose by 1C
0
per kg.
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
Conversion between different units of heat:

1 cal = 10
-3
kcal = 3.969 x 10
-3
Btu = 4.186 J
1 Cal = 1 kcal=4186 J
Sensible Heat
Objectives are to:
describe what is meant by 'sensible heat
define specific heat
explain how the specific heat capacities of materials are
obtained using calorimetry
Specific Heat Capacity
Sensible heat is associated with a temperature
change (can be sensed)
Different substances have different molecular
configurations and bonding temperature change
not generally the same for equal amounts of heat
Specific heat capacity, c: amount of energy needed
to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by
1K
Calorimeters
Calorimeters (contd.)
Calorimetry:
An Exercise in Bookkeeping
Calorimetry:
Finding Specific Heats
Calorimetry: Specific Heat
Water:
Specific Heat Capacities and Latent Heats
Calorimetry: Mixtures
Water: Warming Curve
Water: Example Problem
Latent Heat
Objectives are to:
Describe what is meant by latent heat
Compare and contrast the 3 phases of matter
Relate latent heat to phase changes
Phases of Matter
Heat required for phase changes:
Vaporization: liquid vapour
Melting: liquid solid
Sublimation: solid vapour
Heat released by phase changes:
Condensation: vapour liquid
Fusion: liquid solid
Deposition: vapour solid
Phases of Matter
Latent Heat
Methods of Heat Transfer
Objectives are to:
describe the three methods of heat transfer
Give practical/environmental examples of each
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Conduction
When a temperature gardient exists in a stationary
medium, which may be solid or fluid
Convection
Will occur between a surface and a moving fluid when
they are at different temperatures
Radiation
Energy transfer by electromagnetic waves

Conduction
Concepts of atomic and molecular activity
Transfer of energy from the more energetic
to the less energetic particles of a substance
due to interaction between particles
Thermal Conduction
Q T
kA
t d
A
=
A
Conduction
Fouriers Law for Heat Conduction
q is the heat flux (W/m2) or heat transfer rate
VT is the temperature gradient
k is thermal conductivity (W/m.K)

T k q V =
Convection
Energy transfer due to random molecular motion
(diffusion)
Energy is also transferred by bulk, or
macroscopic, motion of fluid.
Free Convection (the flow is induced by bouyancy
forces which arise from density differences caused
by temperature variations in the fluid)
Forced Convection ( the flow is caused by external
means, such as by a fan, pump, or atmospheric
winds.
Convection
Convection
Pool Boiling
Convection
q = Convective heat flux (W/m
2
)
h = Convection heat transfer coefficient
(W/m
2
. K)
T
s
= Surface temperature
T

= Fluid temperature
) (

= T T h q
s
Radiation
The energy of the radiation fields is
transported by electromagnetic waves (or
photons). While the transfer of energy by
conduction and convection requires the
presence of material medium, radiation does
not. In fact, radiation transfer occurs most
efficiently in a vacuum.
Radiation
Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves
Does not need a material medium
Black body: perfect absorber perfect
emitter (at all wavelengths)
( )
4 4
4 4
r a env
net a r env
P A T P A T
P P P A T T
o c o c
o c
= =
= =
Radiation
) (
4 4
sur s
T T q = co
o = Stefan Boltzmann constant =5.67x10
-8
W/m
2
K
4
c = emissivity
Radiation
Convection
Convection
at
Home
Greenhouse
Effect
Heat
Transfer
Heat Flux Vector

Example
The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed
from 15 cm thick fireclay brick having a
thermal conductivity of 1.7 W/m.K.
Measurements made during steady state
operation reveal temperatures of 1400 and
1150 K at the inner and outer surface,
respectively. What is the rate of heat loss
through a wall that is 50 cm by 3 m on a side ?
Analysis of Heat Transfer
(Problems : methodology)
Known
Find
Schematic
Assumptions
Properties
Analysis
Comments
Relevance of Heat Transfer
Play an important role in many industrial
and environmental problems.
Energy production and conservation
In solar energy, water heating, design of
incinerators, cryogenic storage equipment,
in the cooling of electronic equipment, etc.

SI Units and Prefixes
(a) SI units
Quantity Unit SI symbol Formula
SI base units
Length
Mass
Time
Temperature
SI supplementary
unit
Plane angle
SI derived units
Energy
Force
Power
Pressure
Work
meter
kilogram
second
kelvin
radian
joule
newton
watt
pascal
joule
m
kg
s
K
rad
J
N
W
Pa
J
-
-
-
-
-
N-m
kg-m/s
2
J/s
N/m
2
N-m
(b) SI prefixes SI symbol
Multiplication factor Prefix for prefix
1 000 000 000 000 = 10
12
1 000 000 000 = 10
9
1 000 000 = 10
6
1 000 = 10
3
100 = 10
2
10=10
1
0. 1=10
-1
0. 01=10
-2
0. 001=10
-3
0. 000 001 = 10
-6
0. 000 000 001 = 10
-9
0. 000 000 000 001= 10
-12
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m

n
p
Conversion
Factors and
Definitions
(a) Fundamental conversion factors
English unit Exact SI value Approximate SI
value
Length
Mass
Temperature
1 in
1 lbm
1 deg R
0. 0254 m
0. 453 592 37 kg
5/9 K
-
0. 4536 kg
-
(b) Definitions
Acceleration of gravity
Energy
1g=9. 8066 m/s
2
(32. 174 ft/s
2
)
Btu (British thermal unit)amount of energy required to
raise 1 lbm of water 1 deg F (1 Btu = 778. 2 ft-lbf)
kilocalorie amount of energy required to raise 1 kg of
water 1 K (1 kcal=4187 J)
Length 1 mile=5280 ft; 1 nautical mile = 6076. 1 ft.
Power 1 horsepower = 550 ft-lbf/s
Pressure
1 bar 105 Pa
Temperature degree Fahrenheit t
F
=9/5t
C
+32 (where t
C
is degrees)
(Celsius)
degree Rankine t
R
=t
F
+459. 67
Kelvin t
K
=T
C
+275. 15 (exact)
Kinematic viscosity
1 poise 0. 1 kg/m-s
1 stoke 0. 0001 m
2
/s
Volume 1 cubic foot = 7. 48 gal
(c) Useful conversion factors
1 ft = 0. 3048 m
1 lbf = 4. 448 N
1 lbf = 386. 1 lbm-in/s
2
1 kgf = 9. 807 N
1 lbf/in
2
= 6895 Pa
1 ksi = 6. 895 Mpa
1 Btu = 1055 J
1 ft-lbf = 1.356 J
1 hp = 746 W = 2545 Btu/hr
1 kW = 3413 Btu/hr
1 quart = 0.000946 m
3
= 0. 946 liter
1 kcal = 3. 968 Btu