Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Before starting
Set study objectives
Qualitative (categorical)
Quantities (numerical)
Before starting
Study population:
Case definition Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Before starting
Frame of the study population: A comprehensive list of the elements of the study population
four methods may be used to determine the anticipated response rate: (1) take the sample in two steps (2) use pilot study results (3) use responses rates from previous studies (4) estimate the response rate
After calculating the sample size you divide by (1-response rate (r))
Types of sampling
Probability sampling: which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample and this probability can be accurately determined
Nonprobability sampling: where some elements of the population have no chance of selection where the probability of selection can't be accurately determined.
It requires a complete sampling frame suits situations where not much information is available about the population Can not be used If the population is widely dispersed the population itself is not homogeneous
Systematic sampling: involve the selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame. The most common form of systematic sampling is an equal-probability method, in which every kth element in the frame is selected, where k, the sampling interval (sometimes known as the 'skip'), is calculated as: sample size (n) = population size (N) /k
The researcher must ensure that the chosen sampling interval does not hide a pattern
Stratified Sample
Study population is stratified according to some specific variables From each stratum select sample size according to the weight of the stratum (proportional allocation) Use simple or systematic sampling techniques
Cluster Sample
The study population is naturally divided into groups (clusters) Select a number of clusters using probability proportional to size sampling technique From each cluster select equal sizes of sample size Use simple or systematic sampling technique
non-probability sample
Subjects in a non-probability sample are usually selected on the basis of their accessibility or by the purposive personal judgment of the researcher.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
is probably the most common of all sampling techniques. samples are selected because they are accessible to the researcher. Subjects are chosen because they are easy to recruit. is considered easiest, cheapest and least time consuming
JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING
Is commonly known as purposive sampling. subjects are chosen to be part of the sample with a specific purpose in mind. the researcher believes that some subjects are more fit for the research compared to other individuals.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
is usually done when there is a very small population size. the researcher asks the initial subject to identify another potential subject who also meets the criteria of the research. The downside of using a snowball sample is that it is hardly representative of the population.