DESIGN OPTIMIZATION

FORMULATION FOR
VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

AMANDEEP
SAVI TAKKAR
LAXMAN
RAVESH

Schematic diagram

Material Properties

yield strength of mild steel

yield strength of stainless steel
yield strength of HDPE
E stainless steel (youngs modulus)
E Mild steel (youngs modulus)
Density of mild steel
Density of stainless steel
Density of HDPE

= 250 MPa
= 210 MPa
= 15 MPa
= 200GPa
= 210GPa
= 7.85*10-6 kg/mm3
= 8*10-6 kg/mm3
=0.93*10-6 kg/mm3

Design Variables

Db
H
Lc
b
tc
Ds
ts
Ls
tb

X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
X9
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OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
Our aim is to minimize the Rotating mass
of wind turbine for a required minimum
power.

F(x)= Rotating mass of wind turbine

 Rotating mass = mass of connectors + mass of blades+ mass of shaft

= {8*Lc*(2btc-tc2) * (7.85*10-6 )} + 4*(*Db/2)*H*tb*{0.93*10-6}
+ (*Ds *ts*Ls*(8*10-6 )

Then the objective function

F(x)=

{8*X3* (2*X4*X5-X52) * (7.85*10-6 )}

+ 4*(*X1/2)* X2*X9*{0.93*10-6} + (*X6 *X7*X8*(8*10-6 )

Design assumptions/considerations
Minimum air velocity considered for the
calculation of power generated by the wind
turbine is taken as 1 m/s, so that in practical,
minimum power requirement will be met at
any wind speed higher than 1 m/s.
Force exerted on blades by wind is considered
to be UDL over the blade acting horizontally.
Force acting at the connector end is taken as
perpendicular to the end of connector.
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Design wind speed calculation

Standard followed IS-875 (Part III).
V = Vb*k1*k2*k3*k4 = 26.7 m/s.
Vb = 47 m/s for Delhi being 3rd basic wind
zone region.
k1 = 0.71 (considering mean probable design
life of structure for 5 years).
k2= 0.80 (for height less than 10 m under
terrain category 4).
k3 = 1 for flat contoured area.
k4 = 1 for non-cyclonic Delhi region.

CONSTRAINTS

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Design of hollow shaft

R2=Lc2 H2/4
Torque T=F*(R+0.5Ds)where F=airAV2
to
T = 0.5*AV2*[sqrt(4Lc2-H2)+0.5Ds](Due
wind)

R
2

J =(/4)Ds3ts (Assuming Ds>>ts)

=0.39 X 10-9 Db*H*V2[sqrt(4Lc2-H2)+0.5Ds]/(Ds2*ts)

Lc

= T*Ds /(J*2)
(allowable stress / ) - 1 0
allowable stress
[0.39 X 10-9 *X1*X2*7.13*108 *[sqrt{4(X3)2 (X2)2+0.5*X6}]/(X6)2*X7

- 10

Where

allowable stress =62.87N/mm2 ;

FOS = 1.67
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Buckling load on shaft

Dead load on shaft = weight of connectors + weight of blades
P = 8*Ac*Lc *(mild steel) *g + 4**0.5Db*tb*H*HDPE*g
P= 8*(2*X4*X5-X52)*X3*7.85*10-6*g + 4**0.5*X1*X9*X2*0.93*10-6*g
End conditions are Effectively held in position at both ends but not
restrained against rotation

Effective length = 1*Ls

I = /8*Ds3*ts = /8*X63*X7

Pcritical load= 2EI/(Le2)

(Assuming Ds>>ts)

Pcritical load= 2*E* /8*X63*X7

X82
Allowable load = Pcritical load / FOS

(Where FOS = 2)

(Pallowable load / P) -1 0
2*200*103* /8*X63*X7
X82*2*(8*(2*X4*X5-X52)*X3*7.85*10-6*g + 4**0.5*X1*X9*X2*0.93*10-6*g)

-10
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Design of connectors
Total bending moment= sqrt(M12 + M22 )

Max. M1 due to
wind force & M2
due to weight of
blades

M1 =0.5*AV2 *Lc = 0.5*1.225*10-9*X1*X2*X3*7.13*108

M2 = weight of blade * radius of arm
=(0.5)*(3.14/2)*Db*H*tb*HDPE*g*Lc*cos where cos=R/Lc
(R=sqrt{Lc2 H2/4})

=(3.14/4)*X1*X2*X9*0.93*10-6*g*sqrt{X32-X22/4}

M = sqrt(M12 + M22)

tc

b
b

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1 = M*y/I where y=b+tc/4 =X4+X5/4 and

I=(5/24)b3tc =(5/24)*X43*X5
(b>>tc)
1 = sqrt(M12+M22)*(X4+X5)
(5/24)*X43*X5*4

Direct compressive stress on the connector = W*sin

Ac
W = 0.5*0.5**Db*tb *H* HDPE *g
Where sin = H/(2Lc)
Ac = 2*b*tc tc2
2 = 0.5*0.5**X1*X9*X2*0.93*10-6*g*X2
(2*X4*X5-X52 )*2*X3
= 1 + 2
hence,

(allowable stress/ ) -1 0

allowable stress = 150 N/mm2 ;

FOS = 1.67

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Design of blades
UDL on blade with F = air AV2
Maximum bending moment in case of U.D.L = F*H/8 (at centre)
M = air AV2 * H/8 = 1.225* 10 -9 *X1*X2*7.13*108*X2
8
=M*y/I
Centroid
y=(Db/2)-2Db/3=0.29Db = 0.29*X1
I=(0.11*128)Db3tb=(0.11*128) *X13 *X9
(Db>>tb )
= 1.225* 10 -9 *X1*X2*7.13*108*X2* 0.29*X1
8*(0.11*128) *X13 *X9
Hence
(allowablestress/) -1 0
where allowablestress =8.982 MPa

FOS = 1.67

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Power constraint

POWER = Cp *(air**V3)
P = 0.16*0.5*1.225*10-9*Db*H*1012
= 0.16*0.5*1.225*10-9*X1*X2*1012
P 3*106
0.16*0.5*1.225*10-9*X1*X2*1012 - 1 0
3*106

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Other constraints

Ds/ts 15
Ds / ts 15 0
X6 / X7 - 15 0

b/tc 15
b/tc 15 0
X1/X5 15 0

Db/tb 15
X1/X9 15 0
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OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
Find X =

Which minimizes the objective function

min. F(X) = {8*X3* (2*X4*X5-X52) * (7.85*10-6 )} + 4*(*X1/2)* X2*X9*{0.93*10-6}

+ (*X6 *X7*X8*(8*10-6 )
Subjected to,

g1(X) :
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g2(X) :

g3(X) :

g4(X) :

g5(X) :
g6(X) : X6 / X7 - 15 0
Variable bounds :

g7(X) : X1/X5 15 0
Xi 0

g8(X) : X1/X9 15 0

for all i = 1 to 9

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Objective Function

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Constraints

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Function Tool

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Output

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THANK YOU

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