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COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Countable nouns are for things we can count. Example : dog, horse, man, shop, idea, etc. They usually have a singular and plural form. Example : two dogs, ten horses, a man, six men, the shops, a few ideas. Uncountable nouns are for the things that we cannot count. Example: tea, sugar, water, air, rice, etc. They are often the names for abstract ideas or qualities. Example: knowledge, beauty, anger, fear, love. They are used with a singular verb. They usually do not have a plural form. We cannot say sugars, angers, knowledges. some examples of common uncountable nouns : money, furniture, happiness, sadness, research, evidence, safety, beauty, knowledge, etc

we cannot use a/an with these nouns. To express a quantity of one of these nouns, use a word or expression like : some, a lot of, a piece of, a bit of, a great deal of.. examples: There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease. He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview. Theyve got a lot of furniture Can you give me some information about uncountable nouns?

Some nouns are countable in other languages but uncountable in English. Some of the most common of these are : accommodation news advice progress baggage traffic behaviour travel bread trouble furniture weather information work luggage Be careful with the noun hair which is normally uncountable in English: She has long blonde hair. It can also be countable when referring to individual hairs: My father is getting a few grey hairs now.

2. PLURAL NOUNS
The nouns in (a) have irregular plural forms : (a) man-men child-children woman-women ox-oxen mouse-mice louse-lice foot-feet goose-geese tooth-teeth Some nouns that ends in o add es to form the plural: (b) Echoes heroes potatoes tomatoes Some nouns that ends o add only s to form the plural: (c) Autos photos solos tattoos Kilos pianos sopranos videos Memos radios studios zoos Some nouns that end in o add either es or s to form the plural: (d) mosquitoes/mosquitos volcanoes/volcanos tornadoes / tornados zeroes/zeros Some nouns that end in f or fe are changed to ves in the plural: (e) calf-calves leaf-leaves shelf-shelves wolf-wolves knife-knives loaf-loaves thief-thieves scarf-scarves Exceptions: belief-beliefs chief-chiefs cliff-cliffs roof-roofs Some nouns have the same singular and plural form: (f) Deer fish means series sheep species

Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals: (g) Criterion-criteria oasis-oases formula-formulae/formulas Phenomenon-phenomena medium-media index-indices/indexes

3. GENDER
In general, there is no distinction between masculine, feminine, and neuter in English nouns. However, gender is sometimes shown by different forms or different words. Masculine Feminine man woman father mother uncle aunt boy girl husband wife actor actress prince princess hero heroine waiter waitress widower widow Some nouns can be used for either a masculine or a feminine subject: cousin teenager teacher doctor cook student parent friend relation colleague partner leader It is possible to make distinction by adding the words male or female example : male cousin, a female student, a male teacher, etc.

4. THE POSSESSIVE FORM OF NOUNS

The possessive form is used with nouns referring to the people, groups of people, countries, and animals, belonging to or ownership is one of the relationships it expresses : John owns a car ( John is the possessor or owner) It is Johns car It can also expresses other relationships, for example : a. Where someone works or studies or spends time: John goes to this school. This is Johns school John sleeps in this room. This is Johns room b. A family relationship Johns mother The queens daughter c. Qualities: Johns patience The politicians hypocrisy To form the possessive, add s (apostrophe s) to the noun. If the noun is plural, or already ends in s, just add: - (an apostrophe) examples: Johns car Mens jobs the girls room Charles sister The sailors boat

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