What’s going on here?

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

Meiosis/Gametogenesis Manka Biology Winter ‘08

 Basics of Meiosis:
• Meiosis- two consecutive cell divisions
• Creation of gametes or sex cells
• Each subsequent daughter cell is haploid
(n) as opposed to diploid(2n) like in
mitosis
• Cells enter G0 NO restriction
• MALE: Sperm(A)/pollen(P)
– Spermatogenesis occurs in testes
• FEMALE: Egg(A)/Ovule(P)
– Oogenesis occurs in ovaries

 Mitosis Meiosis
Number of divisions 1 2

Number of daughter 2 4
cells
Genetically Yes No
identical?
Chromosome # Same as parent (2n) Half of parent (n)

Where Somatic cells Gametes

When Throughout life At sexual maturity

Role Growth and repair Sexual reproduction
 Meiosis I : the reduction division

Spindle
Nucleus
fibers
Nuclear
envelope

Prophase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

(early) (late) (diploid) (diploid) (diploid)
(diploid) (diploid)
 Meiosis: Prophase I

Early prophase Late prophase

Homologs pair. Chromosomes condense.

Crossing over occurs. Spindle forms.
Nuclear envelope fragments.
Meiosis: Metaphase I

Homolog pairs align

along the equator of the cell.
Meiosis: Anaphase I

Homologs separate and

move to opposite poles.

Sister chromatids remain

Attached at their centromeres.
Meiosis: Telophase I

Nuclear envelopes reassemble.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell into two.

Meiosis II : the equational division

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Four

(haploid) (haploid) (haploid) (haploid) Non-identical
haploid
daughter cells
Meiosis: Prophase II

Nuclear envelope fragments.

Spindle forms.
Meiosis: Metaphase II

Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.
Meiosis: Anaphase II

Sister chromatids separate

and move to opposite poles.
Meiosis: Telophase II

Nuclear envelope assembles.

Chromosomes decondense.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell into two.

Results of meiosis
Gametes:
female = ovum(egg)
male = sperm

Four haploid cells

One copy of each

chromosome

One allele of each gene

Different combinations of
alleles for different genes
along the chromosome
Gametogenesis: Flash animation for sperm creation
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120112/anim0043.swf

Oogenesis: Flash animation for ovum creation

http://msjensen.education.umn.edu/1135/Links/Animations/Flash/0044-sw
 Recombination (crossing over)
• A tetrad: homologous chromosome A A a a
pair at metaphasal plate
• B B b b
• during meiosis- PI/MI transition ONLY C c c
C
•
• Generates diversity because of the
variation to genes per
chromosome D D
d d
E E e e

F F f f

•Creates chromosomes with new combinations

of alleles for genes A to F.
 Recombination (crossing over)
• Occurs in prophase of A a a

A
meiosis I B b b

B
C C c
• c

• Generates diversity D D
d d
E E e e
Letters denote genes
Case denotes alleles F F f f

•Creates chromosomes with new combinations

of alleles for genes A to F.
 Recombination (crossing over)
• Occurs in prophase of A a A a
meiosis I B b B b
C C c c
•
• Generates diversity
D D
d d
E E e e
Letters denote genes
Case denotes alleles F F f f

•Creates chromosomes with new

combinations of alleles for genes A to F.
 Chiasmata
 Etymology:


 From Greek
chiasmos
"crossing,
diagonal
arrangement"
Crossing over =

variation in new
cells and
subsequent
offspring
Fig 2.21
 Gametes:
• Are ‘sex’ cells
• Results of meiosis in specialized tissue(s)
• New genes sequences in offspring
• Leads to VARIATION
• Male = sperm
• Female = ovum (egg)
Gametogenesis: Sperm(n)
Haploid Ovum/Egg
Fertilization
 Gametogenesis
The creation of ‘sex’ cells:
Spermatogenesis (sperm) and
Oogenesis (ovum/egg)
(And a meiosis primer)
 What Meiosis is About?????

Meiosis allows the creation of unique individuals through sexual reproduction.

 Quick Review:
What’s different?
?
?

Spindle
Nucleus fibers
Nuclear
envelope

Prophase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

(early) (late) (diploid) (diploid) (diploid)
(diploid) (diploid)

MEIOSIS I
 Quick Review:

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Four

(haploid) (haploid) (haploid) (haploid) Non-identical
haploid
daughter cells
MEIOSIS II