‫מערכת עיכול‬

‫‪21.11.07‬‬
ESOPHAGUS
A, Anatomic findings in achalasia;
B, endoscopic image;
B, radiographic image.

Achalasia
Technique for pneumatic dilation of achalasia.
Technique for intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin for
.achalasia
Surgical technique for single anterior lateral myotomy.
A, B, Normal esophagus compared with erosive
esophagitis;
 Esophagitis

.,’A, Erosive esophagitis; B, normal esophagus; A’, B

Barium x-ray of a benign .
.esophageal stricture
Gastroesophageal
reflux
.Mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux disease
 Extra-esophageal
manifestations of GERD.
;A, Normal esophagogastric (EG) junction
.;B, hiatus hernia
Barium x-ray of a reflux- .
.induced esophageal stricture
.Patient set-up and technique of Manometry
.Patient set-up for pH monitoring
.;A, B, Technique of Nissen fundoplication .
 Barrett's esophagus

A, Lower esophageal sphincter and squamocolumnar

.junction; B, endoscopic view
.Endoscopic view of Barrett’s esophagus
A, Normal esophageal epithelium; B-D, variants of
.Barrett’s esophagus
A, Short-segment and B, long-segment Barrett’s esophagus; A’,
B’, endoscopic views.
Room set-up and patient positioning for
.endoscopy
 ;Barrett’s esophagus
.A, before and B, after endoscopic ablative therapy
.A’, B’, endoscopic views
 Barrett’s
Esophagus and
Barrett’s Cancer

A, Esophageal cancer arising from Barrett’s esophagus;

.B, endoscopic view
Endoscopic view of early adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s
.esophagus
A, Short segment Barrett’s esophagus; B, long segment
Barrett’s esophagus; A’,B’, corresponding endoscopic
.views
;A, Esophageal carcinoma
.B, corresponding barium swallow x-ray

 
Technique of endoscopic mucosal resection with saline
.injection
A-C, Technique of endoscopic mucosal resection using a clear
.cap; B’, C’, corresponding endoscopic views
;A-C, Technique of photodynamic therapy (PDT)
.A’-C’, corresponding endoscopic images
A, Near total obstruction from advanced esophageal
.cancer; B, barium swallow x-ray; C, endoscopic view
A-E, Dilation of tight stricture with placement of an
.expandable metal stent
Technique for transhiatal esophagectomy; A, removal
of the esophagus; B, translocation of the stomach
stomach
A, Normal internal anatomy of the stomach;
B, C, endoscopic views.
Normal external anatomy of the stomach with arteries and lymph
nodes.
 Peptic ulcer disease

A, Normal anatomy of the stomach and duodenum;

A, X-ray of gastric ulcer in the antrum;
B, corresponding illustration of a gastric ulcer.
 A, Duodenal ulcer;
B, corresponding x-ray.
  

Peptic ulcers; A. malignant; B. benign.

.Urea breath test determines the presence of H. pylori
;A, Endoscopic view of a benign gastric ulcer
.B, corresponding illustration
A, Benign duodenal ulcer;
B, corresponding endoscopic view.
Selective vagotomy.
Antrectomy and truncal vagotomy for duodenal ulcer with
Billroth I anastomosis.
Surgical technique of pyloroplasty and truncal vagotomy.
. A, Endoscopic view of an actively bleeding ulcer;
B, cross-section of the stomach wall.
Endoscopic laser coagulation of a bleeding ulcer.
A, Endoscopic cauterization of a bleeding ulcer using BICAP
electrocoagulation;
B, corresponding endoscopic view.
Technique of vascular embolization of an artery supplying a
bleeding ulcer;
A’, embolization coil in vessel, A’’, angiogram of coil in vessel;
B, gelfoam in the vessel obstructs blood flow.
A, B, Surgical technique of pyloroplasty.
Surgical technique of truncal vagotomy, oversewing of an
ulcer, and pyloroplasty.
A, Surgical technique of antrectomy, vagotomy, and
Billroth I anastomosis.
Gastric ulcer perforation.
A, Penetration of a gastric ulcer;
B, cross sectional view of stomach wall and pancreas.
A, Gastric outlet obstruction due to a pyloric
stenosis;
B, corresponding endoscopic view.
A, B, Surgical technique of
gastrojejunostomy for gastric outlet
obstruction.
 gastric cancer

Risk factors for gastric cancer.

A, Atrophic gastritis; B. endoscopic view.
. A, Endoscopic image of an ulcerating
adenocarcinoma;
B, ulcerating adenocarcinoma.
A, Polypoid adenocarcinoma;
B, endoscopic view.
A, Early gastric cancer;
B, endoscopic view.
TNM staging of gastric cancer, showing depth of
invasion.
TNM staging for lymph node involvement.
Laparoscopic evaluation of metastasis.
A, Total gastrectomy;
B, subtotal gastrectomy.
Surgical lymphadenectomy; D1 and D2 indicate
the extent of lymph node removal.
A, Low subtotal gastrectomy; B, Billroth II anastomosis.
A, Total gastrectomy;
B, Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy.
A, High subtotal gastrectomy;
B, with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy.
Endoscopic mucosal resection of early gastric
cancer; injection and snare technique.
Endoscopic palliative techniques.
Endoscopic palliation of gastric outlet obstruction with
an expandable metal stent;
A, gastric obstruction;
B, placement of the stent;
B’, endoscopic view.
A, Subtotal gastrectomy with B, Billroth II gastrojejunostomy