CONCEPTS OF RADIOLOGIC SCIENCE

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

Man made radiation---60 mrem.

Medical

Nuclear medicine
Occupational Nuclear power Industrial Consumer products

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

Discovery of X rays
During 1870s and 1880s Conduction of cathode rays through Crookes tube

invented by Sir William Crookes.

Crookes tubeforerunner of modern fluorescent

lamps & X rays tubes.

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

 In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen was working in his lab in

Wuzburg Germany.
Completely enclosed his Crookes tube in black

photographic paper.
Barium platinocyanide coated plate
The plate glowed.
concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

 Intensity of the glow increased as plate was brought

closer
Glowfluorescence
Roentgen named the invisible light-- X light

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

Development of modern radiology

2 types of X ray examinations Radiographyuses X ray films
X

ray tube is mounted from ceiling on a track

ray tube can be moved in any direction

images
18 April 2014

Fixed

concepts of radiological science

 Fluoroscopy
X

ray tube usually located under examination table. images are provided to radiologist

Moving

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

 X ray voltage is measured in kilovolt peak(kVp)

X ray currents are measured in milliamperes(mA)

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
Radiographic intensifying screensby Micheal

Pupin in 1896 to reduce the exposure time. the exp. Time.

Double emulsion films in 1904further reduced

Cellulose nitratesubstitute for glass plate Fluoroscope1898 by Thomas A. Edison

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

 In 1907, H.C.Snooka high voltage power supply

interrupterless transformer.
In 1913,William Coolidge---hot cathode x ray tube. A

vacuum tube that allowed x ray intensity & energy to be selected separately & with accuracy.

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

Further developments

1960s

1970s

1980s

2004-06

U/S Gamma camera PET

CT

MRI

64 slice CT 256 slice CT

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

Reports of radiation injury

The first x ray fatality in 1904, Edisons assistant &

friend- Clarence Dally.

Suffered severe X ray burns that eventually resulted

in amputataions of both arms.

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

 In coming yearsthe frequency of injuries increased. Skin damage, loss of hair and anemia. Blood disorders; aplastic anemia and leukemia

more in radiologists.
By introduction of Coolidge tube and Snook transf.

reduction in frequency of injuries.

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

Basic Radiation Protection

After 1910, biologic effects of x rays were

scientifically investigated & reported.

X ray workers were routinely investigated.
Provided with personnel radiation monitoring

devices.

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

Radiation protection devices

FiltrationAl or Cu filterslow energy x rays are

absorbed.
Collimation---restricts useful beam to the part of

body to be imaged, reduces scatter radiation, improves image contrast.

Intensifying screensreduce exposure to x rays by

more than 95%

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

 Protective apparellead impregnated material used

to make aprons & gloves

Gonadal shieldinglead impregnated gonadal

shields in persons of child bearing age.

Protective barriers--Radiographic control console

should be located behind a protective barrier-often lead-lined & a leaded glass window.

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

 Always practice ALARA;

keep radiation exposures As Low As Reasonably Achievable.

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

The Ten Commandments of Radiation Protection

1. Understand and apply the cardinal principles of radiation control: time, distance, and shielding. 2. Do not allow familiarity to result in false security. 3. Never stand in the primary beam. 4. Always wear protective apparel when not behind a protective barrier.
concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

5. Always wear a radiation monitor and position it outside the protective apron at the collar.

6. Never hold a patient during radiographic examination. Use mechanical restraining devices when possible. Otherwise, have parents or friends hold the patient.
7. The person holding the patient must always wear a protective apron and, if possible, protective gloves.
concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

 8. Use gonadal shields on all people of childbearing

age when such use will not interfere with the examination. 9. Examination of the pelvis and lower abdomen of a pregnant patient should be avoided whenever possible, especially during the first trimester. 10. Always collimate to the smallest field size appropriate for the examination.

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

THANKS

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

MCQs

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

 X-rays voltage is measured in

milli ampere 2. milli joules 3. Electron volt 4. Kilo volt peak

1.

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

 Removal of an electron from atom is

Radiation 2. Ionization 3. X-rays 4. Amplification

1.

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

 Largest source of natural environmental radiation is

Cosmic rays 2. Radon 3. X-rays 4. Potassium 40

1.

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014

 Which of these have the longest wavelenght? X rays

Micro waves
Infra red Gamma rays

concepts of radiological science

18 April 2014